#### org.texi771 KB History Raw

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\input texinfo @c -*- coding: utf-8 -*- @c %**start of header @setfilename ../../info/org.info @settitle The Org Manual @include docstyle.texi @include org-version.inc @c Version and Contact Info @set MAINTAINERSITE @uref{https://orgmode.org,maintainers web page} @set AUTHOR Carsten Dominik @set MAINTAINER Carsten Dominik @set MAINTAINEREMAIL @email{carsten at orgmode dot org} @set MAINTAINERCONTACT @uref{mailto:carsten at orgmode dot org,contact the maintainer} @c %**end of header @finalout @c ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- @c Macro definitions for commands and keys @c ======================================= @c The behavior of the key/command macros will depend on the flag cmdnames @c When set, commands names are shown. When clear, they are not shown. @set cmdnames @c Below we define the following macros for Org key tables: @c orgkey{key} A key item @c orgcmd{key,cmd} Key with command name @c xorgcmd{key,cmd} Key with command name as @itemx @c orgcmdnki{key,cmd} Like orgcmd, but do not index the key @c orgcmdtkc{text,key,cmd} Like orgcmd,special text instead of key @c orgcmdkkc{key1,key2,cmd} Two keys with one command name, use "or" @c orgcmdkxkc{key1,key2,cmd} Two keys with one command name, but @c different functions, so format as @itemx @c orgcmdkskc{key1,key2,cmd} Same as orgcmdkkc, but use "or short" @c xorgcmdkskc{key1,key2,cmd} Same as previous, but use @itemx @c orgcmdkkcc{key1,key2,cmd1,cmd2} Two keys and two commands @c a key but no command @c Inserts: @item key @macro orgkey{key} @kindex \key\ @item @kbd{\key\} @end macro @macro xorgkey{key} @kindex \key\ @itemx @kbd{\key\} @end macro @c one key with a command @c Inserts: @item KEY COMMAND @macro orgcmd{key,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key\ @findex \command\ @iftex @item @kbd{\key\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\key\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key\ @item @kbd{\key\} @end ifclear @end macro @c One key with one command, formatted using @itemx @c Inserts: @itemx KEY COMMAND @macro xorgcmd{key,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key\ @findex \command\ @iftex @itemx @kbd{\key\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @itemx @kbd{\key\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key\ @itemx @kbd{\key\} @end ifclear @end macro @c one key with a command, bit do not index the key @c Inserts: @item KEY COMMAND @macro orgcmdnki{key,command} @ifset cmdnames @findex \command\ @iftex @item @kbd{\key\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\key\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @item @kbd{\key\} @end ifclear @end macro @c one key with a command, and special text to replace key in item @c Inserts: @item TEXT COMMAND @macro orgcmdtkc{text,key,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key\ @findex \command\ @iftex @item @kbd{\text\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\text\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key\ @item @kbd{\text\} @end ifclear @end macro @c two keys with one command @c Inserts: @item KEY1 or KEY2 COMMAND @macro orgcmdkkc{key1,key2,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @findex \command\ @iftex @item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or} @ @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or} @ @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or} @ @kbd{\key2\} @end ifclear @end macro @c Two keys with one command name, but different functions, so format as @c @itemx @c Inserts: @item KEY1 @c @itemx KEY2 COMMAND @macro orgcmdkxkc{key1,key2,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @findex \command\ @iftex @item @kbd{\key1\} @itemx @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\key1\} @itemx @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @item @kbd{\key1\} @itemx @kbd{\key2\} @end ifclear @end macro @c Same as previous, but use "or short" @c Inserts: @item KEY1 or short KEY2 COMMAND @macro orgcmdkskc{key1,key2,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @findex \command\ @iftex @item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @end ifclear @end macro @c Same as previous, but use @itemx @c Inserts: @itemx KEY1 or short KEY2 COMMAND @macro xorgcmdkskc{key1,key2,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @findex \command\ @iftex @itemx @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @itemx @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @itemx @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @end ifclear @end macro @c two keys with two commands @c Inserts: @item KEY1 COMMAND1 @c @itemx KEY2 COMMAND2 @macro orgcmdkkcc{key1,key2,command1,command2} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @findex \command1\ @findex \command2\ @iftex @item @kbd{\key1\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command1\} @itemx @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command2\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\key1\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command1\}) @itemx @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command2\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @item @kbd{\key1\} @itemx @kbd{\key2\} @end ifclear @end macro @c ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- @iftex @c @hyphenation{time-stamp time-stamps time-stamp-ing time-stamp-ed} @end iftex @c Subheadings inside a table. @macro tsubheading{text} @ifinfo @subsubheading \text\ @end ifinfo @ifnotinfo @item @b{\text\} @end ifnotinfo @end macro @copying This manual is for Org version @value{VERSION}. Copyright @copyright{} 2004--2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @quotation Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.'' (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual.'' @end quotation @end copying @dircategory Emacs editing modes @direntry * Org Mode: (org). Outline-based notes management and organizer @end direntry @titlepage @title The Org Manual @subtitle Release @value{VERSION} @author by Carsten Dominik with contributions by Bastien Guerry, Nicolas Goaziou, Eric Schulte, Jambunathan K, Dan Davison, Thomas Dye, David O'Toole, and Philip Rooke. @c The following two commands start the copyright page. @page @vskip 0pt plus 1filll @insertcopying @end titlepage @c Output the short table of contents at the beginning. @shortcontents @c Output the table of contents at the beginning. @contents @ifnottex @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) @top Org Mode Manual @insertcopying @end ifnottex @menu * Introduction:: Getting started * Document structure:: A tree works like your brain * Tables:: Pure magic for quick formatting * Hyperlinks:: Notes in context * TODO items:: Every tree branch can be a TODO item * Tags:: Tagging headlines and matching sets of tags * Properties and columns:: Storing information about an entry * Dates and times:: Making items useful for planning * Capture - Refile - Archive:: The ins and outs for projects * Agenda views:: Collecting information into views * Markup:: Prepare text for rich export * Exporting:: Sharing and publishing notes * Publishing:: Create a web site of linked Org files * Working with source code:: Export, evaluate, and tangle code blocks * Miscellaneous:: All the rest which did not fit elsewhere * Hacking:: How to hack your way around * MobileOrg:: Viewing and capture on a mobile device * History and acknowledgments:: How Org came into being * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. * Main Index:: An index of Org's concepts and features * Key Index:: Key bindings and where they are described * Command and Function Index:: Command names and some internal functions * Variable Index:: Variables mentioned in the manual @detailmenu --- The Detailed Node Listing --- Introduction * Summary:: Brief summary of what Org does * Installation:: Installing Org * Activation:: How to activate Org for certain buffers * Feedback:: Bug reports, ideas, patches etc. * Conventions:: Typesetting conventions in the manual Document structure * Outlines:: Org is based on Outline mode * Headlines:: How to typeset Org tree headlines * Visibility cycling:: Show and hide, much simplified * Motion:: Jumping to other headlines * Structure editing:: Changing sequence and level of headlines * Sparse trees:: Matches embedded in context * Plain lists:: Additional structure within an entry * Drawers:: Tucking stuff away * Blocks:: Folding blocks * Footnotes:: How footnotes are defined in Org's syntax * Org syntax:: Formal description of Org's syntax Visibility cycling * Global and local cycling:: Cycling through various visibility states * Initial visibility:: Setting the initial visibility state * Catching invisible edits:: Preventing mistakes when editing invisible parts Tables * Built-in table editor:: Simple tables * Column width and alignment:: Overrule the automatic settings * Column groups:: Grouping to trigger vertical lines * Orgtbl mode:: The table editor as minor mode * The spreadsheet:: The table editor has spreadsheet capabilities * Org-Plot:: Plotting from org tables The spreadsheet * References:: How to refer to another field or range * Formula syntax for Calc:: Using Calc to compute stuff * Formula syntax for Lisp:: Writing formulas in Emacs Lisp * Durations and time values:: How to compute durations and time values * Field and range formulas:: Formula for specific (ranges of) fields * Column formulas:: Formulas valid for an entire column * Lookup functions:: Lookup functions for searching tables * Editing and debugging formulas:: Fixing formulas * Updating the table:: Recomputing all dependent fields * Advanced features:: Field and column names, parameters and automatic recalc Hyperlinks * Link format:: How links in Org are formatted * Internal links:: Links to other places in the current file * External links:: URL-like links to the world * Handling links:: Creating, inserting and following * Using links outside Org:: Linking from my C source code? * Link abbreviations:: Shortcuts for writing complex links * Search options:: Linking to a specific location * Custom searches:: When the default search is not enough Internal links * Radio targets:: Make targets trigger links in plain text TODO items * TODO basics:: Marking and displaying TODO entries * TODO extensions:: Workflow and assignments * Progress logging:: Dates and notes for progress * Priorities:: Some things are more important than others * Breaking down tasks:: Splitting a task into manageable pieces * Checkboxes:: Tick-off lists Extended use of TODO keywords * Workflow states:: From TODO to DONE in steps * TODO types:: I do this, Fred does the rest * Multiple sets in one file:: Mixing it all, and still finding your way * Fast access to TODO states:: Single letter selection of a state * Per-file keywords:: Different files, different requirements * Faces for TODO keywords:: Highlighting states * TODO dependencies:: When one task needs to wait for others Progress logging * Closing items:: When was this entry marked DONE? * Tracking TODO state changes:: When did the status change? * Tracking your habits:: How consistent have you been? Tags * Tag inheritance:: Tags use the tree structure of the outline * Setting tags:: How to assign tags to a headline * Tag hierarchy:: Create a hierarchy of tags * Tag searches:: Searching for combinations of tags Properties and columns * Property syntax:: How properties are spelled out * Special properties:: Access to other Org mode features * Property searches:: Matching property values * Property inheritance:: Passing values down the tree * Column view:: Tabular viewing and editing * Property API:: Properties for Lisp programmers Column view * Defining columns:: The COLUMNS format property * Using column view:: How to create and use column view * Capturing column view:: A dynamic block for column view Defining columns * Scope of column definitions:: Where defined, where valid? * Column attributes:: Appearance and content of a column Dates and times * Timestamps:: Assigning a time to a tree entry * Creating timestamps:: Commands which insert timestamps * Deadlines and scheduling:: Planning your work * Clocking work time:: Tracking how long you spend on a task * Effort estimates:: Planning work effort in advance * Timers:: Notes with a running timer Creating timestamps * The date/time prompt:: How Org mode helps you entering date and time * Custom time format:: Making dates look different Deadlines and scheduling * Inserting deadline/schedule:: Planning items * Repeated tasks:: Items that show up again and again Clocking work time * Clocking commands:: Starting and stopping a clock * The clock table:: Detailed reports * Resolving idle time:: Resolving time when you've been idle Capture - Refile - Archive * Capture:: Capturing new stuff * Attachments:: Add files to tasks * RSS feeds:: Getting input from RSS feeds * Protocols:: External (e.g., Browser) access to Emacs and Org * Refile and copy:: Moving/copying a tree from one place to another * Archiving:: What to do with finished projects Capture * Setting up capture:: Where notes will be stored * Using capture:: Commands to invoke and terminate capture * Capture templates:: Define the outline of different note types Capture templates * Template elements:: What is needed for a complete template entry * Template expansion:: Filling in information about time and context * Templates in contexts:: Only show a template in a specific context Protocols for external access * @code{store-link} protocol:: Store a link, push URL to kill-ring. * @code{capture} protocol:: Fill a buffer with external information. * @code{open-source} protocol:: Edit published contents. Archiving * Moving subtrees:: Moving a tree to an archive file * Internal archiving:: Switch off a tree but keep it in the file Agenda views * Agenda files:: Files being searched for agenda information * Agenda dispatcher:: Keyboard access to agenda views * Built-in agenda views:: What is available out of the box? * Presentation and sorting:: How agenda items are prepared for display * Agenda commands:: Remote editing of Org trees * Custom agenda views:: Defining special searches and views * Exporting agenda views:: Writing a view to a file * Agenda column view:: Using column view for collected entries The built-in agenda views * Weekly/daily agenda:: The calendar page with current tasks * Global TODO list:: All unfinished action items * Matching tags and properties:: Structured information with fine-tuned search * Search view:: Find entries by searching for text * Stuck projects:: Find projects you need to review Presentation and sorting * Categories:: Not all tasks are equal * Time-of-day specifications:: How the agenda knows the time * Sorting agenda items:: The order of things * Filtering/limiting agenda items:: Dynamically narrow the agenda Custom agenda views * Storing searches:: Type once, use often * Block agenda:: All the stuff you need in a single buffer * Setting options:: Changing the rules Markup for rich export * Paragraphs:: The basic unit of text * Emphasis and monospace:: Bold, italic, etc. * Horizontal rules:: Make a line * Images and tables:: Images, tables and caption mechanism * Literal examples:: Source code examples with special formatting * Special symbols:: Greek letters and other symbols * Subscripts and superscripts:: Simple syntax for raising/lowering text * Embedded @LaTeX{}:: LaTeX can be freely used inside Org documents Embedded @LaTeX{} * @LaTeX{} fragments:: Complex formulas made easy * Previewing @LaTeX{} fragments:: What will this snippet look like? * CDLaTeX mode:: Speed up entering of formulas Exporting * The export dispatcher:: The main interface * Export settings:: Common export settings * Table of contents:: The if and where of the table of contents * Include files:: Include additional files into a document * Macro replacement:: Use macros to create templates * Comment lines:: What will not be exported * ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export:: Exporting to flat files with encoding * Beamer export:: Exporting as a Beamer presentation * HTML export:: Exporting to HTML * @LaTeX{} export:: Exporting to @LaTeX{}, and processing to PDF * Markdown export:: Exporting to Markdown * OpenDocument Text export:: Exporting to OpenDocument Text * Org export:: Exporting to Org * Texinfo export:: Exporting to Texinfo * iCalendar export:: Exporting to iCalendar * Other built-in back-ends:: Exporting to a man page * Advanced configuration:: Fine-tuning the export output * Export in foreign buffers:: Author tables and lists in Org syntax Beamer export * Beamer export commands:: For creating Beamer documents. * Beamer specific export settings:: For customizing Beamer export. * Sectioning Frames and Blocks in Beamer:: For composing Beamer slides. * Beamer specific syntax:: For using in Org documents. * Editing support:: For using helper functions. * A Beamer example:: A complete presentation. HTML export * HTML Export commands:: Invoking HTML export * HTML Specific export settings:: Settings for HTML export * HTML doctypes:: Exporting various (X)HTML flavors * HTML preamble and postamble:: Inserting preamble and postamble * Quoting HTML tags:: Using direct HTML in Org files * Links in HTML export:: Interpreting and formatting links * Tables in HTML export:: Formatting and modifying tables * Images in HTML export:: Inserting figures with HTML output * Math formatting in HTML export:: Handling math equations * Text areas in HTML export:: Showing an alternate approach, an example * CSS support:: Styling HTML output * JavaScript support:: Folding scripting in the web browser @LaTeX{} export * @LaTeX{} export commands:: For producing @LaTeX{} and PDF documents. * @LaTeX{} specific export settings:: Unique to this @LaTeX{} back-end. * @LaTeX{} header and sectioning:: For file structure. * Quoting @LaTeX{} code:: Directly in the Org document. * Tables in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to tables. * Images in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to images. * Plain lists in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to lists. * Source blocks in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to source code blocks. * Example blocks in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to example blocks. * Special blocks in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to special blocks. * Horizontal rules in @LaTeX{} export:: Attributes specific to horizontal rules. OpenDocument Text export * Pre-requisites for ODT export:: Required packages. * ODT export commands:: Invoking export. * ODT specific export settings:: Configuration options. * Extending ODT export:: Producing @file{.doc}, @file{.pdf} files. * Applying custom styles:: Styling the output. * Links in ODT export:: Handling and formatting links. * Tables in ODT export:: Org table conversions. * Images in ODT export:: Inserting images. * Math formatting in ODT export:: Formatting @LaTeX{} fragments. * Labels and captions in ODT export:: Rendering objects. * Literal examples in ODT export:: For source code and example blocks. * Advanced topics in ODT export:: For power users. Math formatting in ODT export * Working with @LaTeX{} math snippets:: Embedding in @LaTeX{} format. * Working with MathML or OpenDocument formula files:: Embedding in native format. Advanced topics in ODT export * Configuring a document converter:: Registering a document converter. * Working with OpenDocument style files:: Exploring internals. * Creating one-off styles:: Customizing styles, highlighting. * Customizing tables in ODT export:: Defining table templates. * Validating OpenDocument XML:: Debugging corrupted OpenDocument files. Texinfo export * Texinfo export commands:: Invoking commands. * Texinfo specific export settings:: Setting the environment. * Texinfo file header:: Generating the header. * Texinfo title and copyright page:: Creating preamble pages. * Info directory file:: Installing a manual in Info file hierarchy. * Headings and sectioning structure:: Building document structure. * Indices:: Creating indices. * Quoting Texinfo code:: Incorporating literal Texinfo code. * Plain lists in Texinfo export:: List attributes. * Tables in Texinfo export:: Table attributes. * Images in Texinfo export:: Image attributes. * Special blocks in Texinfo export:: Special block attributes. * A Texinfo example:: Processing Org to Texinfo. Publishing * Configuration:: Defining projects * Uploading files:: How to get files up on the server * Sample configuration:: Example projects * Triggering publication:: Publication commands Configuration * Project alist:: The central configuration variable * Sources and destinations:: From here to there * Selecting files:: What files are part of the project? * Publishing action:: Setting the function doing the publishing * Publishing options:: Tweaking HTML/@LaTeX{} export * Publishing links:: Which links keep working after publishing? * Sitemap:: Generating a list of all pages * Generating an index:: An index that reaches across pages Sample configuration * Simple example:: One-component publishing * Complex example:: A multi-component publishing example Working with source code * Structure of code blocks:: Code block syntax described * Editing source code:: Language major-mode editing * Exporting code blocks:: Export contents and/or results * Extracting source code:: Create pure source code files * Evaluating code blocks:: Place results of evaluation in the Org mode buffer * Library of Babel:: Use and contribute to a library of useful code blocks * Languages:: List of supported code block languages * Header arguments:: Configure code block functionality * Results of evaluation:: How evaluation results are handled * Noweb reference syntax:: Literate programming in Org mode * Key bindings and useful functions:: Work quickly with code blocks * Batch execution:: Call functions from the command line Header arguments * Using header arguments:: Different ways to set header arguments * Specific header arguments:: List of header arguments Using header arguments * System-wide header arguments:: Set globally, language-specific * Language-specific header arguments:: Set in the Org file's headers * Header arguments in Org mode properties:: Set in the Org file * Language-specific mode properties:: * Code block specific header arguments:: The most commonly used method * Arguments in function calls:: The most specific level, takes highest priority Specific header arguments * var:: Pass arguments to @samp{src} code blocks * results:: Specify results type; how to collect * file:: Specify a path for output file * file-desc:: Specify a description for file results * file-ext:: Specify an extension for file output * output-dir:: Specify a directory for output file * dir:: Specify the default directory for code block execution * exports:: Specify exporting code, results, both, none * tangle:: Toggle tangling; or specify file name * mkdirp:: Toggle for parent directory creation for target files during tangling * comments:: Toggle insertion of comments in tangled code files * padline:: Control insertion of padding lines in tangled code files * no-expand:: Turn off variable assignment and noweb expansion during tangling * session:: Preserve the state of code evaluation * noweb:: Toggle expansion of noweb references * noweb-ref:: Specify block's noweb reference resolution target * noweb-sep:: String to separate noweb references * cache:: Avoid re-evaluating unchanged code blocks * sep:: Delimiter for writing tabular results outside Org * hlines:: Handle horizontal lines in tables * colnames:: Handle column names in tables * rownames:: Handle row names in tables * shebang:: Make tangled files executable * tangle-mode:: Set permission of tangled files * eval:: Limit evaluation of specific code blocks * wrap:: Mark source block evaluation results * post:: Post processing of results of code block evaluation * prologue:: Text to prepend to body of code block * epilogue:: Text to append to body of code block Miscellaneous * Completion:: M-TAB guesses completions * Structure templates:: Quick insertion of structural elements * Speed keys:: Electric commands at the beginning of a headline * Code evaluation security:: Org mode files evaluate inline code * Customization:: Adapting Org to changing tastes * In-buffer settings:: Overview of the #+KEYWORDS * The very busy C-c C-c key:: When in doubt, press C-c C-c * Clean view:: Getting rid of leading stars in the outline * TTY keys:: Using Org on a tty * Interaction:: With other Emacs packages * org-crypt:: Encrypting Org files Interaction with other packages * Cooperation:: Packages Org cooperates with * Conflicts:: Packages that lead to conflicts Hacking * Hooks:: How to reach into Org's internals * Add-on packages:: Available extensions * Adding hyperlink types:: New custom link types * Adding export back-ends:: How to write new export back-ends * Context-sensitive commands:: How to add functionality to such commands * Tables in arbitrary syntax:: Orgtbl for @LaTeX{} and other programs * Dynamic blocks:: Automatically filled blocks * Special agenda views:: Customized views * Speeding up your agendas:: Tips on how to speed up your agendas * Extracting agenda information:: Post-processing of agenda information * Using the property API:: Writing programs that use entry properties * Using the mapping API:: Mapping over all or selected entries Tables and lists in arbitrary syntax * Radio tables:: Sending and receiving radio tables * A @LaTeX{} example:: Step by step, almost a tutorial * Translator functions:: Copy and modify MobileOrg * Setting up the staging area:: For the mobile device * Pushing to MobileOrg:: Uploading Org files and agendas * Pulling from MobileOrg:: Integrating captured and flagged items @end detailmenu @end menu @node Introduction @chapter Introduction @cindex introduction @menu * Summary:: Brief summary of what Org does * Installation:: Installing Org * Activation:: How to activate Org for certain buffers * Feedback:: Bug reports, ideas, patches etc. * Conventions:: Typesetting conventions in the manual @end menu @node Summary @section Summary @cindex summary Org is a mode for keeping notes, maintaining TODO lists, and project planning with a fast and effective plain-text system. It also is an authoring system with unique support for literate programming and reproducible research. Org is implemented on top of Outline mode, which makes it possible to keep the content of large files well structured. Visibility cycling and structure editing help to work with the tree. Tables are easily created with a built-in table editor. Plain text URL-like links connect to websites, emails, Usenet messages, BBDB entries, and any files related to the projects. Org develops organizational tasks around notes files that contain lists or information about projects as plain text. Project planning and task management makes use of metadata which is part of an outline node. Based on this data, specific entries can be extracted in queries and create dynamic @i{agenda views} that also integrate the Emacs calendar and diary. Org can be used to implement many different project planning schemes, such as David Allen's GTD system. Org files can serve as a single source authoring system with export to many different formats such as HTML, @LaTeX{}, Open Document, and Markdown. New export backends can be derived from existing ones, or defined from scratch. Org files can include source code blocks, which makes Org uniquely suited for authoring technical documents with code examples. Org source code blocks are fully functional; they can be evaluated in place and their results can be captured in the file. This makes it possible to create a single file reproducible research compendium. Org keeps simple things simple. When first fired up, it should feel like a straightforward, easy to use outliner. Complexity is not imposed, but a large amount of functionality is available when needed. Org is a toolbox. Many users actually run only a (very personal) fraction of Org's capabilities, and know that there is more whenever they need it. All of this is achieved with strictly plain text files, the most portable and future-proof file format. Org runs in Emacs. Emacs is one of the most widely ported programs, so that Org mode is available on every major platform. @cindex FAQ There is a website for Org which provides links to the newest version of Org, as well as additional information, frequently asked questions (FAQ), links to tutorials, etc. This page is located at @uref{https://orgmode.org}. @cindex print edition An earlier version (7.3) of this manual is available as a @uref{http://www.network-theory.co.uk/org/manual/, paperback book from Network Theory Ltd.} @page @node Installation @section Installation @cindex installation Org is part of recent distributions of GNU Emacs, so you normally don't need to install it. If, for one reason or another, you want to install Org on top of this pre-packaged version, there are three ways to do it: @itemize @bullet @item By using Emacs package system. @item By downloading Org as an archive. @item By using Org's git repository. @end itemize We @b{strongly recommend} to stick to a single installation method. @subsubheading Using Emacs packaging system Recent Emacs distributions include a packaging system which lets you install Elisp libraries. You can install Org with @kbd{M-x package-install RET org}. @noindent @b{Important}: you need to do this in a session where no @code{.org} file has been visited, i.e., where no Org built-in function have been loaded. Otherwise autoload Org functions will mess up the installation. Then, to make sure your Org configuration is taken into account, initialize the package system with @code{(package-initialize)} in your Emacs init file before setting any Org option. If you want to use Org's package repository, check out the @uref{https://orgmode.org/elpa.html, Org ELPA page}. @subsubheading Downloading Org as an archive You can download Org latest release from @uref{https://orgmode.org/, Org's website}. In this case, make sure you set the load-path correctly in your Emacs init file: @lisp (add-to-list 'load-path "~/path/to/orgdir/lisp") @end lisp The downloaded archive contains contributed libraries that are not included in Emacs. If you want to use them, add the @file{contrib} directory to your load-path: @lisp (add-to-list 'load-path "~/path/to/orgdir/contrib/lisp" t) @end lisp Optionally, you can compile the files and/or install them in your system. Run @code{make help} to list compilation and installation options. @subsubheading Using Org's git repository You can clone Org's repository and install Org like this: @example $cd ~/src/$ git clone https://code.orgmode.org/bzg/org-mode.git $make autoloads @end example Note that in this case, @code{make autoloads} is mandatory: it defines Org's version in @file{org-version.el} and Org's autoloads in @file{org-loaddefs.el}. Remember to add the correct load-path as described in the method above. You can also compile with @code{make}, generate the documentation with @code{make doc}, create a local configuration with @code{make config} and install Org with @code{make install}. Please run @code{make help} to get the list of compilation/installation options. For more detailed explanations on Org's build system, please check the Org Build System page on @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-build-system.html, Worg}. @node Activation @section Activation @cindex activation @cindex autoload @cindex ELPA @cindex global key bindings @cindex key bindings, global @findex org-agenda @findex org-capture @findex org-store-link @findex org-iswitchb Org mode buffers need font-lock to be turned on: this is the default in Emacs@footnote{If you don't use font-lock globally, turn it on in Org buffer with @code{(add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)}}. There are compatibility issues between Org mode and some other Elisp packages, please take the time to check the list (@pxref{Conflicts}). The four Org commands @command{org-store-link}, @command{org-capture}, @command{org-agenda}, and @command{org-iswitchb} should be accessible through global keys (i.e., anywhere in Emacs, not just in Org buffers). Here are suggested bindings for these keys, please modify the keys to your own liking. @lisp (global-set-key "\C-cl" 'org-store-link) (global-set-key "\C-ca" 'org-agenda) (global-set-key "\C-cc" 'org-capture) (global-set-key "\C-cb" 'org-iswitchb) @end lisp @cindex Org mode, turning on Files with the @file{.org} extension use Org mode by default. To turn on Org mode in a file that does not have the extension @file{.org}, make the first line of a file look like this: @example MY PROJECTS -*- mode: org; -*- @end example @vindex org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file @noindent which will select Org mode for this buffer no matter what the file's name is. See also the variable @code{org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file}. Many commands in Org work on the region if the region is @i{active}. To make use of this, you need to have @code{transient-mark-mode} turned on, which is the default. If you do not like @code{transient-mark-mode}, you can create an active region by using the mouse to select a region, or pressing @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} twice before moving the cursor. @node Feedback @section Feedback @cindex feedback @cindex bug reports @cindex maintainer @cindex author If you find problems with Org, or if you have questions, remarks, or ideas about it, please mail to the Org mailing list @email{emacs-orgmode@@gnu.org}. You can subscribe to the list @uref{https://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/emacs-orgmode, on this web page}. If you are not a member of the mailing list, your mail will be passed to the list after a moderator has approved it@footnote{Please consider subscribing to the mailing list, in order to minimize the work the mailing list moderators have to do.}. For bug reports, please first try to reproduce the bug with the latest version of Org available---if you are running an outdated version, it is quite possible that the bug has been fixed already. If the bug persists, prepare a report and provide as much information as possible, including the version information of Emacs (@kbd{M-x emacs-version @key{RET}}) and Org (@kbd{M-x org-version RET}), as well as the Org related setup in the Emacs init file. The easiest way to do this is to use the command @example @kbd{M-x org-submit-bug-report RET} @end example @noindent which will put all this information into an Emacs mail buffer so that you only need to add your description. If you are not sending the Email from within Emacs, please copy and paste the content into your Email program. Sometimes you might face a problem due to an error in your Emacs or Org mode setup. Before reporting a bug, it is very helpful to start Emacs with minimal customizations and reproduce the problem. Doing so often helps you determine if the problem is with your customization or with Org mode itself. You can start a typical minimal session with a command like the example below. @example$ emacs -Q -l /path/to/minimal-org.el @end example However if you are using Org mode as distributed with Emacs, a minimal setup is not necessary. In that case it is sufficient to start Emacs as @code{emacs -Q}. The @code{minimal-org.el} setup file can have contents as shown below. @lisp ;;; Minimal setup to load latest 'org-mode' ;; activate debugging (setq debug-on-error t debug-on-signal nil debug-on-quit nil) ;; add latest org-mode to load path (add-to-list 'load-path "/path/to/org-mode/lisp") (add-to-list 'load-path "/path/to/org-mode/contrib/lisp" t) @end lisp If an error occurs, a backtrace can be very useful (see below on how to create one). Often a small example file helps, along with clear information about: @enumerate @item What exactly did you do? @item What did you expect to happen? @item What happened instead? @end enumerate @noindent Thank you for helping to improve this program. @subsubheading How to create a useful backtrace @cindex backtrace of an error If working with Org produces an error with a message you don't understand, you may have hit a bug. The best way to report this is by providing, in addition to what was mentioned above, a @emph{backtrace}. This is information from the built-in debugger about where and how the error occurred. Here is how to produce a useful backtrace: @enumerate @item Reload uncompiled versions of all Org mode Lisp files. The backtrace contains much more information if it is produced with uncompiled code. To do this, use @example @kbd{C-u M-x org-reload RET} @end example @noindent or select @code{Org -> Refresh/Reload -> Reload Org uncompiled} from the menu. @item Go to the @code{Options} menu and select @code{Enter Debugger on Error}. @item Do whatever you have to do to hit the error. Don't forget to document the steps you take. @item When you hit the error, a @file{*Backtrace*} buffer will appear on the screen. Save this buffer to a file (for example using @kbd{C-x C-w}) and attach it to your bug report. @end enumerate @node Conventions @section Typesetting conventions used in this manual @subsubheading TODO keywords, tags, properties, etc. Org mainly uses three types of keywords: TODO keywords, tags and property names. In this manual we use the following conventions: @table @code @item TODO @itemx WAITING TODO keywords are written with all capitals, even if they are user-defined. @item boss @itemx ARCHIVE User-defined tags are written in lowercase; built-in tags with special meaning are written with all capitals. @item Release @itemx PRIORITY User-defined properties are capitalized; built-in properties with special meaning are written with all capitals. @end table Moreover, Org uses @i{option keywords} (like @code{#+TITLE} to set the title) and @i{environment keywords} (like @code{#+BEGIN_EXPORT html} to start a @code{HTML} environment). They are written in uppercase in the manual to enhance its readability, but you can use lowercase in your Org file. @subsubheading Key bindings and commands @kindex C-c a @findex org-agenda @kindex C-c c @findex org-capture The manual suggests a few global key bindings, in particular @kbd{C-c a} for @code{org-agenda} and @kbd{C-c c} for @code{org-capture}. These are only suggestions, but the rest of the manual assumes that these key bindings are in place in order to list commands by key access. Also, the manual lists both the keys and the corresponding commands for accessing a functionality. Org mode often uses the same key for different functions, depending on context. The command that is bound to such keys has a generic name, like @code{org-metaright}. In the manual we will, wherever possible, give the function that is internally called by the generic command. For example, in the chapter on document structure, @kbd{M-@key{right}} will be listed to call @code{org-do-demote}, while in the chapter on tables, it will be listed to call @code{org-table-move-column-right}. If you prefer, you can compile the manual without the command names by unsetting the flag @code{cmdnames} in @file{org.texi}. @node Document structure @chapter Document structure @cindex document structure @cindex structure of document Org is based on Outline mode and provides flexible commands to edit the structure of the document. @menu * Outlines:: Org is based on Outline mode * Headlines:: How to typeset Org tree headlines * Visibility cycling:: Show and hide, much simplified * Motion:: Jumping to other headlines * Structure editing:: Changing sequence and level of headlines * Sparse trees:: Matches embedded in context * Plain lists:: Additional structure within an entry * Drawers:: Tucking stuff away * Blocks:: Folding blocks * Footnotes:: How footnotes are defined in Org's syntax * Org syntax:: Formal description of Org's syntax @end menu @node Outlines @section Outlines @cindex outlines @cindex Outline mode Org is implemented on top of Outline mode. Outlines allow a document to be organized in a hierarchical structure, which (at least for me) is the best representation of notes and thoughts. An overview of this structure is achieved by folding (hiding) large parts of the document to show only the general document structure and the parts currently being worked on. Org greatly simplifies the use of outlines by compressing the entire show/hide functionality into a single command, @command{org-cycle}, which is bound to the @key{TAB} key. @node Headlines @section Headlines @cindex headlines @cindex outline tree @vindex org-special-ctrl-a/e @vindex org-special-ctrl-k @vindex org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree Headlines define the structure of an outline tree. The headlines in Org start with one or more stars, on the left margin@footnote{See the variables @code{org-special-ctrl-a/e}, @code{org-special-ctrl-k}, and @code{org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree} to configure special behavior of @kbd{C-a}, @kbd{C-e}, and @kbd{C-k} in headlines.} @footnote{Clocking only works with headings indented less than 30 stars.}. For example: @example * Top level headline ** Second level *** 3rd level some text *** 3rd level more text * Another top level headline @end example @vindex org-footnote-section @noindent Note that a headline named after @code{org-footnote-section}, which defaults to @samp{Footnotes}, is considered as special. A subtree with this headline will be silently ignored by exporting functions. Some people find the many stars too noisy and would prefer an outline that has whitespace followed by a single star as headline starters. @ref{Clean view}, describes a setup to realize this. @vindex org-cycle-separator-lines An empty line after the end of a subtree is considered part of it and will be hidden when the subtree is folded. However, if you leave at least two empty lines, one empty line will remain visible after folding the subtree, in order to structure the collapsed view. See the variable @code{org-cycle-separator-lines} to modify this behavior. @node Visibility cycling @section Visibility cycling @cindex cycling, visibility @cindex visibility cycling @cindex trees, visibility @cindex show hidden text @cindex hide text @menu * Global and local cycling:: Cycling through various visibility states * Initial visibility:: Setting the initial visibility state * Catching invisible edits:: Preventing mistakes when editing invisible parts @end menu @node Global and local cycling @subsection Global and local cycling Outlines make it possible to hide parts of the text in the buffer. Org uses just two commands, bound to @key{TAB} and @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} to change the visibility in the buffer. @cindex subtree visibility states @cindex subtree cycling @cindex folded, subtree visibility state @cindex children, subtree visibility state @cindex subtree, subtree visibility state @table @asis @orgcmd{@key{TAB},org-cycle} @emph{Subtree cycling}: Rotate current subtree among the states @example ,-> FOLDED -> CHILDREN -> SUBTREE --. '-----------------------------------' @end example @vindex org-cycle-emulate-tab The cursor must be on a headline for this to work@footnote{see, however, the option @code{org-cycle-emulate-tab}.}. @cindex global visibility states @cindex global cycling @cindex overview, global visibility state @cindex contents, global visibility state @cindex show all, global visibility state @orgcmd{S-@key{TAB},org-global-cycle} @itemx C-u @key{TAB} @emph{Global cycling}: Rotate the entire buffer among the states @example ,-> OVERVIEW -> CONTENTS -> SHOW ALL --. '--------------------------------------' @end example When @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} is called with a numeric prefix argument N, the CONTENTS view up to headlines of level N will be shown. Note that inside tables, @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} jumps to the previous field. @vindex org-cycle-global-at-bob You can run global cycling using @key{TAB} only if point is at the very beginning of the buffer, but not on a headline, and @code{org-cycle-global-at-bob} is set to a non-@code{nil} value. @cindex set startup visibility, command @orgcmd{C-u C-u @key{TAB},org-set-startup-visibility} Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer (@pxref{Initial visibility}). @cindex show all, command @orgcmd{C-u C-u C-u @key{TAB},outline-show-all} Show all, including drawers. @cindex revealing context @orgcmd{C-c C-r,org-reveal} Reveal context around point, showing the current entry, the following heading and the hierarchy above. Useful for working near a location that has been exposed by a sparse tree command (@pxref{Sparse trees}) or an agenda command (@pxref{Agenda commands}). With a prefix argument show, on each level, all sibling headings. With a double prefix argument, also show the entire subtree of the parent. @cindex show branches, command @orgcmd{C-c C-k,outline-show-branches} Expose all the headings of the subtree, CONTENTS view for just one subtree. @cindex show children, command @orgcmd{C-c @key{TAB},outline-show-children} Expose all direct children of the subtree. With a numeric prefix argument N, expose all children down to level N@. @orgcmd{C-c C-x b,org-tree-to-indirect-buffer} Show the current subtree in an indirect buffer@footnote{The indirect buffer (@pxref{Indirect Buffers,,,emacs,GNU Emacs Manual}) will contain the entire buffer, but will be narrowed to the current tree. Editing the indirect buffer will also change the original buffer, but without affecting visibility in that buffer.}. With a numeric prefix argument N, go up to level N and then take that tree. If N is negative then go up that many levels. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix, do not remove the previously used indirect buffer. @orgcmd{C-c C-x v,org-copy-visible} Copy the @i{visible} text in the region into the kill ring. @end table @node Initial visibility @subsection Initial visibility @cindex visibility, initialize @vindex org-startup-folded @vindex org-agenda-inhibit-startup @cindex @code{overview}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{content}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{showall}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{showeverything}, STARTUP keyword When Emacs first visits an Org file, the global state is set to OVERVIEW, i.e., only the top level headlines are visible@footnote{When @code{org-agenda-inhibit-startup} is non-@code{nil}, Org will not honor the default visibility state when first opening a file for the agenda (@pxref{Speeding up your agendas}).}. This can be configured through the variable @code{org-startup-folded}, or on a per-file basis by adding one of the following lines anywhere in the buffer: @example #+STARTUP: overview #+STARTUP: content #+STARTUP: showall #+STARTUP: showeverything @end example @cindex property, VISIBILITY @noindent Furthermore, any entries with a @samp{VISIBILITY} property (@pxref{Properties and columns}) will get their visibility adapted accordingly. Allowed values for this property are @code{folded}, @code{children}, @code{content}, and @code{all}. @table @asis @orgcmd{C-u C-u @key{TAB},org-set-startup-visibility} Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer, i.e., whatever is requested by startup options and @samp{VISIBILITY} properties in individual entries. @end table @node Catching invisible edits @subsection Catching invisible edits @vindex org-catch-invisible-edits @cindex edits, catching invisible Sometimes you may inadvertently edit an invisible part of the buffer and be confused on what has been edited and how to undo the mistake. Setting @code{org-catch-invisible-edits} to non-@code{nil} will help prevent this. See the docstring of this option on how Org should catch invisible edits and process them. @node Motion @section Motion @cindex motion, between headlines @cindex jumping, to headlines @cindex headline navigation The following commands jump to other headlines in the buffer. @table @asis @orgcmd{C-c C-n,org-next-visible-heading} Next heading. @orgcmd{C-c C-p,org-previous-visible-heading} Previous heading. @orgcmd{C-c C-f,org-forward-same-level} Next heading same level. @orgcmd{C-c C-b,org-backward-same-level} Previous heading same level. @orgcmd{C-c C-u,outline-up-heading} Backward to higher level heading. @orgcmd{C-c C-j,org-goto} Jump to a different place without changing the current outline visibility. Shows the document structure in a temporary buffer, where you can use the following keys to find your destination: @vindex org-goto-auto-isearch @example @key{TAB} @r{Cycle visibility.} @key{down} / @key{up} @r{Next/previous visible headline.} @key{RET} @r{Select this location.} @kbd{/} @r{Do a Sparse-tree search} @r{The following keys work if you turn off @code{org-goto-auto-isearch}} n / p @r{Next/previous visible headline.} f / b @r{Next/previous headline same level.} u @r{One level up.} 0-9 @r{Digit argument.} q @r{Quit} @end example @vindex org-goto-interface @noindent See also the option @code{org-goto-interface}. @end table @node Structure editing @section Structure editing @cindex structure editing @cindex headline, promotion and demotion @cindex promotion, of subtrees @cindex demotion, of subtrees @cindex subtree, cut and paste @cindex pasting, of subtrees @cindex cutting, of subtrees @cindex copying, of subtrees @cindex sorting, of subtrees @cindex subtrees, cut and paste @table @asis @orgcmd{M-@key{RET},org-meta-return} @vindex org-M-RET-may-split-line Insert a new heading, item or row. If the command is used at the @emph{beginning} of a line, and if there is a heading or a plain list item (@pxref{Plain lists}) at point, the new heading/item is created @emph{before} the current line. When used at the beginning of a regular line of text, turn that line into a heading. When this command is used in the middle of a line, the line is split and the rest of the line becomes the new item or headline. If you do not want the line to be split, customize @code{org-M-RET-may-split-line}. Calling the command with a @kbd{C-u} prefix unconditionally inserts a new heading at the end of the current subtree, thus preserving its contents. With a double @kbd{C-u C-u} prefix, the new heading is created at the end of the parent subtree instead. @orgcmd{C-@key{RET},org-insert-heading-respect-content} Insert a new heading at the end of the current subtree. @orgcmd{M-S-@key{RET},org-insert-todo-heading} @vindex org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading. See also the variable @code{org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change}. @orgcmd{C-S-@key{RET},org-insert-todo-heading-respect-content} Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading. Like @kbd{C-@key{RET}}, the new headline will be inserted after the current subtree. @orgcmd{@key{TAB},org-cycle} In a new entry with no text yet, the first @key{TAB} demotes the entry to become a child of the previous one. The next @key{TAB} makes it a parent, and so on, all the way to top level. Yet another @key{TAB}, and you are back to the initial level. @orgcmd{M-@key{left},org-do-promote} Promote current heading by one level. @orgcmd{M-@key{right},org-do-demote} Demote current heading by one level. @orgcmd{M-S-@key{left},org-promote-subtree} Promote the current subtree by one level. @orgcmd{M-S-@key{right},org-demote-subtree} Demote the current subtree by one level. @orgcmd{M-@key{up},org-move-subtree-up} Move subtree up (swap with previous subtree of same level). @orgcmd{M-@key{down},org-move-subtree-down} Move subtree down (swap with next subtree of same level). @orgcmd{M-h,org-mark-element} Mark the element at point. Hitting repeatedly will mark subsequent elements of the one just marked. E.g., hitting @key{M-h} on a paragraph will mark it, hitting @key{M-h} immediately again will mark the next one. @orgcmd{C-c @@,org-mark-subtree} Mark the subtree at point. Hitting repeatedly will mark subsequent subtrees of the same level than the marked subtree. @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-w,org-cut-subtree} Kill subtree, i.e., remove it from buffer but save in kill ring. With a numeric prefix argument N, kill N sequential subtrees. @orgcmd{C-c C-x M-w,org-copy-subtree} Copy subtree to kill ring. With a numeric prefix argument N, copy the N sequential subtrees. @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-y,org-paste-subtree} Yank subtree from kill ring. This does modify the level of the subtree to make sure the tree fits in nicely at the yank position. The yank level can also be specified with a numeric prefix argument, or by yanking after a headline marker like @samp{****}. @orgcmd{C-y,org-yank} @vindex org-yank-adjusted-subtrees @vindex org-yank-folded-subtrees Depending on the options @code{org-yank-adjusted-subtrees} and @code{org-yank-folded-subtrees}, Org's internal @code{yank} command will paste subtrees folded and in a clever way, using the same command as @kbd{C-c C-x C-y}. With the default settings, no level adjustment will take place, but the yanked tree will be folded unless doing so would swallow text previously visible. Any prefix argument to this command will force a normal @code{yank} to be executed, with the prefix passed along. A good way to force a normal yank is @kbd{C-u C-y}. If you use @code{yank-pop} after a yank, it will yank previous kill items plainly, without adjustment and folding. @orgcmd{C-c C-x c,org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift} Clone a subtree by making a number of sibling copies of it. You will be prompted for the number of copies to make, and you can also specify if any timestamps in the entry should be shifted. This can be useful, for example, to create a number of tasks related to a series of lectures to prepare. For more details, see the docstring of the command @code{org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift}. @orgcmd{C-c C-w,org-refile} Refile entry or region to a different location. @xref{Refile and copy}. @orgcmd{C-c ^,org-sort} Sort same-level entries. When there is an active region, all entries in the region will be sorted. Otherwise the children of the current headline are sorted. The command prompts for the sorting method, which can be alphabetically, numerically, by time (first timestamp with active preferred, creation time, scheduled time, deadline time), by priority, by TODO keyword (in the sequence the keywords have been defined in the setup) or by the value of a property. Reverse sorting is possible as well. You can also supply your own function to extract the sorting key. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix, sorting will be case-sensitive. @orgcmd{C-x n s,org-narrow-to-subtree} Narrow buffer to current subtree. @orgcmd{C-x n b,org-narrow-to-block} Narrow buffer to current block. @orgcmd{C-x n w,widen} Widen buffer to remove narrowing. @orgcmd{C-c *,org-toggle-heading} Turn a normal line or plain list item into a headline (so that it becomes a subheading at its location). Also turn a headline into a normal line by removing the stars. If there is an active region, turn all lines in the region into headlines. If the first line in the region was an item, turn only the item lines into headlines. Finally, if the first line is a headline, remove the stars from all headlines in the region. @end table @cindex region, active @cindex active region @cindex transient mark mode When there is an active region (Transient Mark mode), promotion and demotion work on all headlines in the region. To select a region of headlines, it is best to place both point and mark at the beginning of a line, mark at the beginning of the first headline, and point at the line just after the last headline to change. Note that when the cursor is inside a table (@pxref{Tables}), the Meta-Cursor keys have different functionality. @node Sparse trees @section Sparse trees @cindex sparse trees @cindex trees, sparse @cindex folding, sparse trees @cindex occur, command @vindex org-show-context-detail An important feature of Org mode is the ability to construct @emph{sparse trees} for selected information in an outline tree, so that the entire document is folded as much as possible, but the selected information is made visible along with the headline structure above it@footnote{See also the variable @code{org-show-context-detail} to decide how much context is shown around each match.}. Just try it out and you will see immediately how it works. Org mode contains several commands for creating such trees, all these commands can be accessed through a dispatcher: @table @asis @orgcmd{C-c /,org-sparse-tree} This prompts for an extra key to select a sparse-tree creating command. @orgcmdkkc{C-c / r,C-c / /,org-occur} @vindex org-remove-highlights-with-change Prompts for a regexp and shows a sparse tree with all matches. If the match is in a headline, the headline is made visible. If the match is in the body of an entry, headline and body are made visible. In order to provide minimal context, also the full hierarchy of headlines above the match is shown, as well as the headline following the match. Each match is also highlighted; the highlights disappear when the buffer is changed by an editing command@footnote{This depends on the option @code{org-remove-highlights-with-change}}, or by pressing @kbd{C-c C-c}. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, previous highlights are kept, so several calls to this command can be stacked. @orgcmdkkc{M-g n,M-g M-n,next-error} Jump to the next sparse tree match in this buffer. @orgcmdkkc{M-g p,M-g M-p,previous-error} Jump to the previous sparse tree match in this buffer. @end table @noindent @vindex org-agenda-custom-commands For frequently used sparse trees of specific search strings, you can use the option @code{org-agenda-custom-commands} to define fast keyboard access to specific sparse trees. These commands will then be accessible through the agenda dispatcher (@pxref{Agenda dispatcher}). For example: @lisp (setq org-agenda-custom-commands '(("f" occur-tree "FIXME"))) @end lisp @noindent will define the key @kbd{C-c a f} as a shortcut for creating a sparse tree matching the string @samp{FIXME}. The other sparse tree commands select headings based on TODO keywords, tags, or properties and will be discussed later in this manual. @kindex C-c C-e C-v @cindex printing sparse trees @cindex visible text, printing To print a sparse tree, you can use the Emacs command @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces} which does not print invisible parts of the document. Or you can use @kbd{C-c C-e C-v} to export only the visible part of the document and print the resulting file. @node Plain lists @section Plain lists @cindex plain lists @cindex lists, plain @cindex lists, ordered @cindex ordered lists Within an entry of the outline tree, hand-formatted lists can provide additional structure. They also provide a way to create lists of checkboxes (@pxref{Checkboxes}). Org supports editing such lists, and every exporter (@pxref{Exporting}) can parse and format them. Org knows ordered lists, unordered lists, and description lists. @itemize @bullet @item @emph{Unordered} list items start with @samp{-}, @samp{+}, or @samp{*}@footnote{When using @samp{*} as a bullet, lines must be indented or they will be seen as top-level headlines. Also, when you are hiding leading stars to get a clean outline view, plain list items starting with a star may be hard to distinguish from true headlines. In short: even though @samp{*} is supported, it may be better to not use it for plain list items.} as bullets. @item @vindex org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator @vindex org-list-allow-alphabetical @emph{Ordered} list items start with a numeral followed by either a period or a right parenthesis@footnote{You can filter out any of them by configuring @code{org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator}.}, such as @samp{1.} or @samp{1)}@footnote{You can also get @samp{a.}, @samp{A.}, @samp{a)} and @samp{A)} by configuring @code{org-list-allow-alphabetical}. To minimize confusion with normal text, those are limited to one character only. Beyond that limit, bullets will automatically fallback to numbers.}. If you want a list to start with a different value (e.g., 20), start the text of the item with @code{[@@20]}@footnote{If there's a checkbox in the item, the cookie must be put @emph{before} the checkbox. If you have activated alphabetical lists, you can also use counters like @code{[@@b]}.}. Those constructs can be used in any item of the list in order to enforce a particular numbering. @item @emph{Description} list items are unordered list items, and contain the separator @samp{ :: } to distinguish the description @emph{term} from the description. @end itemize Items belonging to the same list must have the same indentation on the first line. In particular, if an ordered list reaches number @samp{10.}, then the 2--digit numbers must be written left-aligned with the other numbers in the list. An item ends before the next line that is less or equally indented than its bullet/number. A list ends whenever every item has ended, which means before any line less or equally indented than items at top level. It also ends before two blank lines. In that case, all items are closed. Here is an example: @example @group ** Lord of the Rings My favorite scenes are (in this order) 1. The attack of the Rohirrim 2. Eowyn's fight with the witch king + this was already my favorite scene in the book + I really like Miranda Otto. 3. Peter Jackson being shot by Legolas - on DVD only He makes a really funny face when it happens. But in the end, no individual scenes matter but the film as a whole. Important actors in this film are: - @b{Elijah Wood} :: He plays Frodo - @b{Sean Astin} :: He plays Sam, Frodo's friend. I still remember him very well from his role as Mikey Walsh in @i{The Goonies}. @end group @end example Org supports these lists by tuning filling and wrapping commands to deal with them correctly, and by exporting them properly (@pxref{Exporting}). Since indentation is what governs the structure of these lists, many structural constructs like @code{#+BEGIN_...} blocks can be indented to signal that they belong to a particular item. @vindex org-list-demote-modify-bullet @vindex org-list-indent-offset If you find that using a different bullet for a sub-list (than that used for the current list-level) improves readability, customize the variable @code{org-list-demote-modify-bullet}. To get a greater difference of indentation between items and their sub-items, customize @code{org-list-indent-offset}. @vindex org-list-automatic-rules The following commands act on items when the cursor is in the first line of an item (the line with the bullet or number). Some of them imply the application of automatic rules to keep list structure intact. If some of these actions get in your way, configure @code{org-list-automatic-rules} to disable them individually. @table @asis @orgcmd{@key{TAB},org-cycle} @cindex cycling, in plain lists @vindex org-cycle-include-plain-lists Items can be folded just like headline levels. Normally this works only if the cursor is on a plain list item. For more details, see the variable @code{org-cycle-include-plain-lists}. If this variable is set to @code{integrate}, plain list items will be treated like low-level headlines. The level of an item is then given by the indentation of the bullet/number. Items are always subordinate to real headlines, however; the hierarchies remain completely separated. In a new item with no text yet, the first @key{TAB} demotes the item to become a child of the previous one. Subsequent @key{TAB}s move the item to meaningful levels in the list and eventually get it back to its initial position. @orgcmd{M-@key{RET},org-insert-heading} @vindex org-M-RET-may-split-line @vindex org-list-automatic-rules Insert new item at current level. With a prefix argument, force a new heading (@pxref{Structure editing}). If this command is used in the middle of an item, that item is @emph{split} in two, and the second part becomes the new item@footnote{If you do not want the item to be split, customize the variable @code{org-M-RET-may-split-line}.}. If this command is executed @emph{before item's body}, the new item is created @emph{before} the current one. @end table @table @kbd @kindex M-S-@key{RET} @item M-S-@key{RET} Insert a new item with a checkbox (@pxref{Checkboxes}). @kindex S-@key{down} @item S-up @itemx S-down @cindex shift-selection-mode @vindex org-support-shift-select @vindex org-list-use-circular-motion Jump to the previous/next item in the current list@footnote{If you want to cycle around items that way, you may customize @code{org-list-use-circular-motion}.}, but only if @code{org-support-shift-select} is off. If not, you can still use paragraph jumping commands like @kbd{C-@key{up}} and @kbd{C-@key{down}} to quite similar effect. @kindex M-@key{up} @kindex M-@key{down} @item M-up @itemx M-down Move the item including subitems up/down@footnote{See @code{org-list-use-circular-motion} for a cyclic behavior.} (swap with previous/next item of same indentation). If the list is ordered, renumbering is automatic. @kindex M-@key{left} @kindex M-@key{right} @item M-left @itemx M-right Decrease/increase the indentation of an item, leaving children alone. @kindex M-S-@key{left} @kindex M-S-@key{right} @item M-S-@key{left} @itemx M-S-@key{right} Decrease/increase the indentation of the item, including subitems. Initially, the item tree is selected based on current indentation. When these commands are executed several times in direct succession, the initially selected region is used, even if the new indentation would imply a different hierarchy. To use the new hierarchy, break the command chain with a cursor motion or so. As a special case, using this command on the very first item of a list will move the whole list. This behavior can be disabled by configuring @code{org-list-automatic-rules}. The global indentation of a list has no influence on the text @emph{after} the list. @kindex C-c C-c @item C-c C-c If there is a checkbox (@pxref{Checkboxes}) in the item line, toggle the state of the checkbox. In any case, verify bullets and indentation consistency in the whole list. @kindex C-c - @vindex org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator @item C-c - Cycle the entire list level through the different itemize/enumerate bullets (@samp{-}, @samp{+}, @samp{*}, @samp{1.}, @samp{1)}) or a subset of them, depending on @code{org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator}, the type of list, and its indentation. With a numeric prefix argument N, select the Nth bullet from this list. If there is an active region when calling this, all selected lines are converted to list items. With a prefix argument, selected text is changed into a single item. If the first line already was a list item, any item marker will be removed from the list. Finally, even without an active region, a normal line will be converted into a list item. @kindex C-c * @item C-c * Turn a plain list item into a headline (so that it becomes a subheading at its location). @xref{Structure editing}, for a detailed explanation. @kindex C-c C-* @item C-c C-* Turn the whole plain list into a subtree of the current heading. Checkboxes (@pxref{Checkboxes}) will become TODO (resp. DONE) keywords when unchecked (resp. checked). @kindex S-@key{left} @kindex S-@key{right} @item S-left/right @vindex org-support-shift-select This command also cycles bullet styles when the cursor in on the bullet or anywhere in an item line, details depending on @code{org-support-shift-select}. @kindex C-c ^ @cindex sorting, of plain list @item C-c ^ Sort the plain list. You will be prompted for the sorting method: numerically, alphabetically, by time, by checked status for check lists, or by a custom function. @end table @node Drawers @section Drawers @cindex drawers @cindex visibility cycling, drawers @cindex org-insert-drawer @kindex C-c C-x d Sometimes you want to keep information associated with an entry, but you normally don't want to see it. For this, Org mode has @emph{drawers}. They can contain anything but a headline and another drawer. Drawers look like this: @example ** This is a headline Still outside the drawer :DRAWERNAME: This is inside the drawer. :END: After the drawer. @end example You can interactively insert drawers at point by calling @code{org-insert-drawer}, which is bound to @key{C-c C-x d}. With an active region, this command will put the region inside the drawer. With a prefix argument, this command calls @code{org-insert-property-drawer} and add a property drawer right below the current headline. Completion over drawer keywords is also possible using @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}@footnote{Many desktops intercept @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to switch windows. Use @kbd{C-M-i} or @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} instead for completion (@pxref{Completion}).}. Visibility cycling (@pxref{Visibility cycling}) on the headline will hide and show the entry, but keep the drawer collapsed to a single line. In order to look inside the drawer, you need to move the cursor to the drawer line and press @key{TAB} there. Org mode uses the @code{PROPERTIES} drawer for storing properties (@pxref{Properties and columns}), and you can also arrange for state change notes (@pxref{Tracking TODO state changes}) and clock times (@pxref{Clocking work time}) to be stored in a drawer @code{LOGBOOK}. If you want to store a quick note in the LOGBOOK drawer, in a similar way to state changes, use @table @kbd @kindex C-c C-z @item C-c C-z Add a time-stamped note to the LOGBOOK drawer. @end table @vindex org-export-with-drawers @vindex org-export-with-properties You can select the name of the drawers which should be exported with @code{org-export-with-drawers}. In that case, drawer contents will appear in export output. Property drawers are not affected by this variable: configure @code{org-export-with-properties} instead. @node Blocks @section Blocks @vindex org-hide-block-startup @cindex blocks, folding Org mode uses begin...end blocks for various purposes from including source code examples (@pxref{Literal examples}) to capturing time logging information (@pxref{Clocking work time}). These blocks can be folded and unfolded by pressing TAB in the begin line. You can also get all blocks folded at startup by configuring the option @code{org-hide-block-startup} or on a per-file basis by using @cindex @code{hideblocks}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nohideblocks}, STARTUP keyword @example #+STARTUP: hideblocks #+STARTUP: nohideblocks @end example @node Footnotes @section Footnotes @cindex footnotes Org mode supports the creation of footnotes. A footnote is started by a footnote marker in square brackets in column 0, no indentation allowed. It ends at the next footnote definition, headline, or after two consecutive empty lines. The footnote reference is simply the marker in square brackets, inside text. Markers always start with @code{fn:}. For example: @example The Org homepage[fn:1] now looks a lot better than it used to. ... [fn:1] The link is: https://orgmode.org @end example Org mode extends the number-based syntax to @emph{named} footnotes and optional inline definition. Here are the valid references: @table @code @item [fn:name] A named footnote reference, where @code{name} is a unique label word, or, for simplicity of automatic creation, a number. @item [fn::This is the inline definition of this footnote] A @LaTeX{}-like anonymous footnote where the definition is given directly at the reference point. @item [fn:name:a definition] An inline definition of a footnote, which also specifies a name for the note. Since Org allows multiple references to the same note, you can then use @code{[fn:name]} to create additional references. @end table @vindex org-footnote-auto-label Footnote labels can be created automatically, or you can create names yourself. This is handled by the variable @code{org-footnote-auto-label} and its corresponding @code{#+STARTUP} keywords. See the docstring of that variable for details. @noindent The following command handles footnotes: @table @kbd @kindex C-c C-x f @item C-c C-x f The footnote action command. When the cursor is on a footnote reference, jump to the definition. When it is at a definition, jump to the (first) reference. @vindex org-footnote-define-inline @vindex org-footnote-section @vindex org-footnote-auto-adjust Otherwise, create a new footnote. Depending on the option @code{org-footnote-define-inline}@footnote{The corresponding in-buffer setting is: @code{#+STARTUP: fninline} or @code{#+STARTUP: nofninline}}, the definition will be placed right into the text as part of the reference, or separately into the location determined by the option @code{org-footnote-section}. When this command is called with a prefix argument, a menu of additional options is offered: @example s @r{Sort the footnote definitions by reference sequence. During editing,} @r{Org makes no effort to sort footnote definitions into a particular} @r{sequence. If you want them sorted, use this command, which will} @r{also move entries according to @code{org-footnote-section}. Automatic} @r{sorting after each insertion/deletion can be configured using the} @r{option @code{org-footnote-auto-adjust}.} r @r{Renumber the simple @code{fn:N} footnotes. Automatic renumbering} @r{after each insertion/deletion can be configured using the option} @r{@code{org-footnote-auto-adjust}.} S @r{Short for first @code{r}, then @code{s} action.} n @r{Normalize the footnotes by collecting all definitions (including} @r{inline definitions) into a special section, and then numbering them} @r{in sequence. The references will then also be numbers.} d @r{Delete the footnote at point, and all definitions of and references} @r{to it.} @end example Depending on the variable @code{org-footnote-auto-adjust}@footnote{the corresponding in-buffer options are @code{fnadjust} and @code{nofnadjust}.}, renumbering and sorting footnotes can be automatic after each insertion or deletion. @kindex C-c C-c @item C-c C-c If the cursor is on a footnote reference, jump to the definition. If it is a the definition, jump back to the reference. When called at a footnote location with a prefix argument, offer the same menu as @kbd{C-c C-x f}. @kindex C-c C-o @kindex mouse-1 @kindex mouse-2 @item C-c C-o @r{or} mouse-1/2 Footnote labels are also links to the corresponding definition/reference, and you can use the usual commands to follow these links. @vindex org-edit-footnote-reference @kindex C-c ' @item C-c ' @item C-c ' Edit the footnote definition corresponding to the reference at point in a separate window. The window can be closed by pressing @kbd{C-c '}. @end table @node Org syntax @section Org syntax @cindex Org syntax A reference document providing a formal description of Org's syntax is available as @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-syntax.html, a draft on Worg}, written and maintained by Nicolas Goaziou. It defines Org's core internal concepts such as @code{headlines}, @code{sections}, @code{affiliated keywords}, @code{(greater) elements} and @code{objects}. Each part of an Org file falls into one of the categories above. To explore the abstract structure of an Org buffer, run this in a buffer: @lisp M-: (org-element-parse-buffer) RET @end lisp It will output a list containing the buffer's content represented as an abstract structure. The export engine relies on the information stored in this list. Most interactive commands (e.g., for structure editing) also rely on the syntactic meaning of the surrounding context. @cindex syntax checker @cindex linter You can check syntax in your documents using @code{org-lint} command. @node Tables @chapter Tables @cindex tables @cindex editing tables Org comes with a fast and intuitive table editor. Spreadsheet-like calculations are supported using the Emacs @file{calc} package (@pxref{Top, Calc, , calc, Gnu Emacs Calculator Manual}). @menu * Built-in table editor:: Simple tables * Column width and alignment:: Overrule the automatic settings * Column groups:: Grouping to trigger vertical lines * Orgtbl mode:: The table editor as minor mode * The spreadsheet:: The table editor has spreadsheet capabilities * Org-Plot:: Plotting from org tables @end menu @node Built-in table editor @section The built-in table editor @cindex table editor, built-in Org makes it easy to format tables in plain ASCII@. Any line with @samp{|} as the first non-whitespace character is considered part of a table. @samp{|} is also the column separator@footnote{To insert a vertical bar into a table field, use @code{\vert} or, inside a word @code{abc\vert@{@}def}.}. A table might look like this: @example | Name | Phone | Age | |-------+-------+-----| | Peter | 1234 | 17 | | Anna | 4321 | 25 | @end example A table is re-aligned automatically each time you press @key{TAB} or @key{RET} or @kbd{C-c C-c} inside the table. @key{TAB} also moves to the next field (@key{RET} to the next row) and creates new table rows at the end of the table or before horizontal lines. The indentation of the table is set by the first line. Any line starting with @samp{|-} is considered as a horizontal separator line and will be expanded on the next re-align to span the whole table width. So, to create the above table, you would only type @example |Name|Phone|Age| |- @end example @noindent and then press @key{TAB} to align the table and start filling in fields. Even faster would be to type @code{|Name|Phone|Age} followed by @kbd{C-c @key{RET}}. @vindex org-table-auto-blank-field When typing text into a field, Org treats @key{DEL}, @key{Backspace}, and all character keys in a special way, so that inserting and deleting avoids shifting other fields. Also, when typing @emph{immediately after the cursor was moved into a new field with @kbd{@key{TAB}}, @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} or @kbd{@key{RET}}}, the field is automatically made blank. If this behavior is too unpredictable for you, configure the option @code{org-table-auto-blank-field}. @table @kbd @tsubheading{Creation and conversion} @orgcmd{C-c |,org-table-create-or-convert-from-region} Convert the active region to a table. If every line contains at least one TAB character, the function assumes that the material is tab separated. If every line contains a comma, comma-separated values (CSV) are assumed. If not, lines are split at whitespace into fields. You can use a prefix argument to force a specific separator: @kbd{C-u} forces CSV, @kbd{C-u C-u} forces TAB, @kbd{C-u C-u C-u} will prompt for a regular expression to match the separator, and a numeric argument N indicates that at least N consecutive spaces, or alternatively a TAB will be the separator. @* If there is no active region, this command creates an empty Org table. But it is easier just to start typing, like @kbd{|Name|Phone|Age @key{RET} |- @key{TAB}}. @tsubheading{Re-aligning and field motion} @orgcmd{C-c C-c,org-table-align} Re-align the table and don't move to another field. @c @orgcmd{C-c SPC,org-table-blank-field} Blank the field at point. @c @orgcmd{TAB,org-table-next-field} Re-align the table, move to the next field. Creates a new row if necessary. @c @orgcmd{S-@key{TAB},org-table-previous-field} Re-align, move to previous field. @c @orgcmd{@key{RET},org-table-next-row} Re-align the table and move down to next row. Creates a new row if necessary. At the beginning or end of a line, @key{RET} still does NEWLINE, so it can be used to split a table. @c @orgcmd{M-a,org-table-beginning-of-field} Move to beginning of the current table field, or on to the previous field. @orgcmd{M-e,org-table-end-of-field} Move to end of the current table field, or on to the next field. @tsubheading{Column and row editing} @orgcmdkkcc{M-@key{left},M-@key{right},org-table-move-column-left,org-table-move-column-right} Move the current column left/right. @c @orgcmd{M-S-@key{left},org-table-delete-column} Kill the current column. @c @orgcmd{M-S-@key{right},org-table-insert-column} Insert a new column to the left of the cursor position. @c @orgcmdkkcc{M-@key{up},M-@key{down},org-table-move-row-up,org-table-move-row-down} Move the current row up/down. @c @orgcmd{M-S-@key{up},org-table-kill-row} Kill the current row or horizontal line. @c @orgcmd{M-S-@key{down},org-table-insert-row} Insert a new row above the current row. With a prefix argument, the line is created below the current one. @c @orgcmd{C-c -,org-table-insert-hline} Insert a horizontal line below current row. With a prefix argument, the line is created above the current line. @c @orgcmd{C-c @key{RET},org-table-hline-and-move} Insert a horizontal line below current row, and move the cursor into the row below that line. @c @orgcmd{C-c ^,org-table-sort-lines} Sort the table lines in the region. The position of point indicates the column to be used for sorting, and the range of lines is the range between the nearest horizontal separator lines, or the entire table. If point is before the first column, you will be prompted for the sorting column. If there is an active region, the mark specifies the first line and the sorting column, while point should be in the last line to be included into the sorting. The command prompts for the sorting type (alphabetically, numerically, or by time). You can sort in normal or reverse order. You can also supply your own key extraction and comparison functions. When called with a prefix argument, alphabetic sorting will be case-sensitive. @tsubheading{Regions} @orgcmd{C-c C-x M-w,org-table-copy-region} Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard. Point and mark determine edge fields of the rectangle. If there is no active region, copy just the current field. The process ignores horizontal separator lines. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-w,org-table-cut-region} Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard, and blank all fields in the rectangle. So this is the cut'' operation. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-y,org-table-paste-rectangle} Paste a rectangular region into a table. The upper left corner ends up in the current field. All involved fields will be overwritten. If the rectangle does not fit into the present table, the table is enlarged as needed. The process ignores horizontal separator lines. @c @orgcmd{M-@key{RET},org-table-wrap-region} Split the current field at the cursor position and move the rest to the line below. If there is an active region, and both point and mark are in the same column, the text in the column is wrapped to minimum width for the given number of lines. A numeric prefix argument may be used to change the number of desired lines. If there is no region, but you specify a prefix argument, the current field is made blank, and the content is appended to the field above. @tsubheading{Calculations} @cindex formula, in tables @cindex calculations, in tables @cindex region, active @cindex active region @cindex transient mark mode @orgcmd{C-c +,org-table-sum} Sum the numbers in the current column, or in the rectangle defined by the active region. The result is shown in the echo area and can be inserted with @kbd{C-y}. @c @orgcmd{S-@key{RET},org-table-copy-down} @vindex org-table-copy-increment When current field is empty, copy from first non-empty field above. When not empty, copy current field down to next row and move cursor along with it. Depending on the option @code{org-table-copy-increment}, integer field values will be incremented during copy. Integers that are too large will not be incremented. Also, a @code{0} prefix argument temporarily disables the increment. This key is also used by shift-selection and related modes (@pxref{Conflicts}). @tsubheading{Miscellaneous} @orgcmd{C-c ,org-table-edit-field} Edit the current field in a separate window. This is useful for fields that are not fully visible (@pxref{Column width and alignment}). When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, just make the full field visible, so that it can be edited in place. When called with two @kbd{C-u} prefixes, make the editor window follow the cursor through the table and always show the current field. The follow mode exits automatically when the cursor leaves the table, or when you repeat this command with @kbd{C-u C-u C-c }. @c @item M-x org-table-import RET Import a file as a table. The table should be TAB or whitespace separated. Use, for example, to import a spreadsheet table or data from a database, because these programs generally can write TAB-separated text files. This command works by inserting the file into the buffer and then converting the region to a table. Any prefix argument is passed on to the converter, which uses it to determine the separator. @orgcmd{C-c |,org-table-create-or-convert-from-region} Tables can also be imported by pasting tabular text into the Org buffer, selecting the pasted text with @kbd{C-x C-x} and then using the @kbd{C-c |} command (see above under @i{Creation and conversion}). @c @item M-x org-table-export RET @findex org-table-export @vindex org-table-export-default-format Export the table, by default as a TAB-separated file. Use for data exchange with, for example, spreadsheet or database programs. The format used to export the file can be configured in the option @code{org-table-export-default-format}. You may also use properties @code{TABLE_EXPORT_FILE} and @code{TABLE_EXPORT_FORMAT} to specify the file name and the format for table export in a subtree. Org supports quite general formats for exported tables. The exporter format is the same as the format used by Orgtbl radio tables, see @ref{Translator functions}, for a detailed description. @end table If you don't like the automatic table editor because it gets in your way on lines which you would like to start with @samp{|}, you can turn it off with @lisp (setq org-enable-table-editor nil) @end lisp @noindent Then the only table command that still works is @kbd{C-c C-c} to do a manual re-align. @node Column width and alignment @section Column width and alignment @cindex narrow columns in tables @cindex alignment in tables The width of columns is automatically determined by the table editor. The alignment of a column is determined automatically from the fraction of number-like versus non-number fields in the column. @vindex org-table-automatic-realign Editing a field may modify alignment of the table. Moving a contiguous row or column---i.e., using @kbd{TAB} or @kbd{RET}---automatically re-aligns it. If you want to disable this behavior, set @code{org-table-automatic-realign} to @code{nil}. In any case, you can always align manually a table: @table @asis @orgcmd{C-c C-c,org-table-align} Align the current table. @end table @vindex org-startup-align-all-tables @noindent Setting the option @code{org-startup-align-all-tables} re-aligns all tables in a file upon visiting it. You can also set this option on a per-file basis with: @example #+STARTUP: align #+STARTUP: noalign @end example Sometimes a single field or a few fields need to carry more text, leading to inconveniently wide columns. Maybe you want to hide away several columns or display them with a fixed width, regardless of content, as shown in the following example. @example @group |---+---------------------+--------| |---+-------@dots{}|@dots{}| | | <6> | | | | <6> @dots{}|@dots{}| | 1 | one | some | ----\ | 1 | one @dots{}|@dots{}| | 2 | two | boring | ----/ | 2 | two @dots{}|@dots{}| | 3 | This is a long text | column | | 3 | This i@dots{}|@dots{}| |---+---------------------+--------| |---+-------@dots{}|@dots{}| @end group @end example To set the width of a column, one field anywhere in the column may contain just the string @samp{} where @samp{N} specifies the width as a number of characters. You control displayed width of columns with the following tools: @table @asis @orgcmd{C-c @key{TAB},org-table-toggle-column-width} Shrink or expand current column. If a width cookie specifies a width W for the column, shrinking it displays the first W visible characters only. Otherwise, the column is shrunk to a single character. When called before the first column or after the last one, ask for a list of column ranges to operate on. @orgcmd{C-u C-c @key{TAB},org-table-shrink} Shrink all columns with a column width. Expand the others. @orgcmd{C-u C-u C-c @key{TAB},org-table-expand} Expand all columns. @end table To see the full text of a shrunk field, hold the mouse over it---a tool-tip window then shows the full content. Alternatively @kbd{C-h .} (@code{display-local-help}) reveals the full content. For convenience, any change to a shrunk column expands it. @vindex org-startup-shrink-all-tables Setting the option @code{org-startup-shrink-all-tables} shrinks all columns containing a width cookie in a file the moment it is visited. You can also set this option on a per-file basis with: @example #+STARTUP: shrink @end example If you would like to overrule the automatic alignment of number-rich columns to the right and of string-rich columns to the left, you can use @samp{}, @samp{} or @samp{} in a similar fashion. You may also combine alignment and field width like this: @samp{}. Lines which only contain these formatting cookies are removed automatically upon exporting the document. @node Column groups @section Column groups @cindex grouping columns in tables When Org exports tables, it does so by default without vertical lines because that is visually more satisfying in general. Occasionally however, vertical lines can be useful to structure a table into groups of columns, much like horizontal lines can do for groups of rows. In order to specify column groups, you can use a special row where the first field contains only @samp{/}. The further fields can either contain @samp{<} to indicate that this column should start a group, @samp{>} to indicate the end of a group, or @samp{<>} (no space between @samp{<} and @samp{>}) to make a column a group of its own. Boundaries between column groups will upon export be marked with vertical lines. Here is an example: @example | N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | ~sqrt(n)~ | ~sqrt[4](N)~ | |---+-----+-----+-----+-----------+--------------| | / | < | | > | < | > | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 1.4142 | 1.1892 | | 3 | 9 | 27 | 81 | 1.7321 | 1.3161 | |---+-----+-----+-----+-----------+--------------| #+TBLFM: $2=$1^2::$3=$1^3::$4=$1^4::$5=sqrt($1)::$6=sqrt(sqrt(($1))) @end example It is also sufficient to just insert the column group starters after every vertical line you would like to have: @example | N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) | |----+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------| | / | < | | | < | | @end example @node Orgtbl mode @section The Orgtbl minor mode @cindex Orgtbl mode @cindex minor mode for tables If you like the intuitive way the Org table editor works, you might also want to use it in other modes like Text mode or Mail mode. The minor mode Orgtbl mode makes this possible. You can always toggle the mode with @kbd{M-x orgtbl-mode RET}. To turn it on by default, for example in Message mode, use @lisp (add-hook 'message-mode-hook 'turn-on-orgtbl) @end lisp Furthermore, with some special setup, it is possible to maintain tables in arbitrary syntax with Orgtbl mode. For example, it is possible to construct @LaTeX{} tables with the underlying ease and power of Orgtbl mode, including spreadsheet capabilities. For details, see @ref{Tables in arbitrary syntax}. @node The spreadsheet @section The spreadsheet @cindex calculations, in tables @cindex spreadsheet capabilities @cindex @file{calc} package The table editor makes use of the Emacs @file{calc} package to implement spreadsheet-like capabilities. It can also evaluate Emacs Lisp forms to derive fields from other fields. While fully featured, Org's implementation is not identical to other spreadsheets. For example, Org knows the concept of a @emph{column formula} that will be applied to all non-header fields in a column without having to copy the formula to each relevant field. There is also a formula debugger, and a formula editor with features for highlighting fields in the table corresponding to the references at the point in the formula, moving these references by arrow keys @menu * References:: How to refer to another field or range * Formula syntax for Calc:: Using Calc to compute stuff * Formula syntax for Lisp:: Writing formulas in Emacs Lisp * Durations and time values:: How to compute durations and time values * Field and range formulas:: Formula for specific (ranges of) fields * Column formulas:: Formulas valid for an entire column * Lookup functions:: Lookup functions for searching tables * Editing and debugging formulas:: Fixing formulas * Updating the table:: Recomputing all dependent fields * Advanced features:: Field and column names, parameters and automatic recalc @end menu @node References @subsection References @cindex references To compute fields in the table from other fields, formulas must reference other fields or ranges. In Org, fields can be referenced by name, by absolute coordinates, and by relative coordinates. To find out what the coordinates of a field are, press @kbd{C-c ?} in that field, or press @kbd{C-c @}} to toggle the display of a grid. @subsubheading Field references @cindex field references @cindex references, to fields Formulas can reference the value of another field in two ways. Like in any other spreadsheet, you may reference fields with a letter/number combination like @code{B3}, meaning the 2nd field in the 3rd row. @vindex org-table-use-standard-references However, Org prefers@footnote{Org will understand references typed by the user as @samp{B4}, but it will not use this syntax when offering a formula for editing. You can customize this behavior using the option @code{org-table-use-standard-references}.} to use another, more general representation that looks like this: @example @@@var{row}$@var{column} @end example Column specifications can be absolute like @code{$1}, @code{$2},...@code{$@var{N}}, or relative to the current column (i.e., the column of the field which is being computed) like @code{$+1} or @code{$-2}. @code{$<} and @code{$>} are immutable references to the first and last column, respectively, and you can use @code{$>>>} to indicate the third column from the right. The row specification only counts data lines and ignores horizontal separator lines (hlines). Like with columns, you can use absolute row numbers @code{@@1}, @code{@@2},...@code{@@@var{N}}, and row numbers relative to the current row like @code{@@+3} or @code{@@-1}. @code{@@<} and @code{@@>} are immutable references the first and last@footnote{For backward compatibility you can also use special names like @code{$LR5} and @code{$LR12} to refer in a stable way to the 5th and 12th field in the last row of the table. However, this syntax is deprecated, it should not be used for new documents. Use @code{@@>$} instead.} row in the table, respectively. You may also specify the row relative to one of the hlines: @code{@@I} refers to the first hline, @code{@@II} to the second, etc. @code{@@-I} refers to the first such line above the current line, @code{@@+I} to the first such line below the current line. You can also write @code{@@III+2} which is the second data line after the third hline in the table. @code{@@0} and @code{$0} refer to the current row and column, respectively, i.e., to the row/column for the field being computed. Also, if you omit either the column or the row part of the reference, the current row/column is implied. Org's references with @emph{unsigned} numbers are fixed references in the sense that if you use the same reference in the formula for two different fields, the same field will be referenced each time. Org's references with @emph{signed} numbers are floating references because the same reference operator can reference different fields depending on the field being calculated by the formula. Here are a few examples: @example @@2$3 @r{2nd row, 3rd column (same as @code{C2})} $5 @r{column 5 in the current row (same as @code{E&})} @@2 @r{current column, row 2} @@-1$-3 @r{the field one row up, three columns to the left} @@-I$2 @r{field just under hline above current row, column 2} @@>$5 @r{field in the last row, in column 5} @end example @subsubheading Range references @cindex range references @cindex references, to ranges You may reference a rectangular range of fields by specifying two field references connected by two dots @samp{..}. If both fields are in the current row, you may simply use @samp{$2..$7}, but if at least one field is in a different row, you need to use the general @code{@@row$column} format at least for the first field (i.e the reference must start with @samp{@@} in order to be interpreted correctly). Examples: @example$1..$3 @r{first three fields in the current row}$P..$Q @r{range, using column names (see under Advanced)}$<<<..$>> @r{start in third column, continue to the last but one} @@2$1..@@4$3 @r{6 fields between these two fields (same as @code{A2..C4})} @@-1$-2..@@-1 @r{3 fields in the row above, starting from 2 columns on the left} @@I..II @r{between first and second hline, short for @code{@@I..@@II}} @end example @noindent Range references return a vector of values that can be fed into Calc vector functions. Empty fields in ranges are normally suppressed, so that the vector contains only the non-empty fields. For other options with the mode switches @samp{E}, @samp{N} and examples @pxref{Formula syntax for Calc}. @subsubheading Field coordinates in formulas @cindex field coordinates @cindex coordinates, of field @cindex row, of field coordinates @cindex column, of field coordinates One of the very first actions during evaluation of Calc formulas and Lisp formulas is to substitute @code{@@#} and @code{$#} in the formula with the row or column number of the field where the current result will go to. The traditional Lisp formula equivalents are @code{org-table-current-dline} and @code{org-table-current-column}. Examples: @table @code @item if(@@# % 2,$#, string("")) Insert column number on odd rows, set field to empty on even rows. @item $2 = '(identity remote(FOO, @@@@#$1)) Copy text or values of each row of column 1 of the table named @code{FOO} into column 2 of the current table. @item @@3 = 2 * remote(FOO, @@1#) Insert the doubled value of each column of row 1 of the table named @code{FOO} into row 3 of the current table. @end table @noindent For the second/third example, the table named @code{FOO} must have at least as many rows/columns as the current table. Note that this is inefficient@footnote{The computation time scales as O(N^2) because the table named @code{FOO} is parsed for each field to be read.} for large number of rows/columns. @subsubheading Named references @cindex named references @cindex references, named @cindex name, of column or field @cindex constants, in calculations @cindex #+CONSTANTS @vindex org-table-formula-constants @samp{$name} is interpreted as the name of a column, parameter or constant. Constants are defined globally through the option @code{org-table-formula-constants}, and locally (for the file) through a line like @example #+CONSTANTS: c=299792458. pi=3.14 eps=2.4e-6 @end example @noindent @vindex constants-unit-system @pindex constants.el Also properties (@pxref{Properties and columns}) can be used as constants in table formulas: for a property @samp{:Xyz:} use the name @samp{$PROP_Xyz}, and the property will be searched in the current outline entry and in the hierarchy above it. If you have the @file{constants.el} package, it will also be used to resolve constants, including natural constants like @samp{$h} for Planck's constant, and units like @samp{$km} for kilometers@footnote{@file{constants.el} can supply the values of constants in two different unit systems, @code{SI} and @code{cgs}. Which one is used depends on the value of the variable @code{constants-unit-system}. You can use the @code{#+STARTUP} options @code{constSI} and @code{constcgs} to set this value for the current buffer.}. Column names and parameters can be specified in special table lines. These are described below, see @ref{Advanced features}. All names must start with a letter, and further consist of letters and numbers. @subsubheading Remote references @cindex remote references @cindex references, remote @cindex references, to a different table @cindex name, of column or field @cindex constants, in calculations @cindex #+NAME, for table You may also reference constants, fields and ranges from a different table, either in the current file or even in a different file. The syntax is @example remote(NAME-OR-ID,REF) @end example @noindent where NAME can be the name of a table in the current file as set by a @code{#+NAME: Name} line before the table. It can also be the ID of an entry, even in a different file, and the reference then refers to the first table in that entry. REF is an absolute field or range reference as described above for example @code{@@3$3} or @code{$somename}, valid in the referenced table. Indirection of NAME-OR-ID: When NAME-OR-ID has the format @code{@@ROW$COLUMN} it will be substituted with the name or ID found in this field of the current table. For example @code{remote($1, @@>$2)} => @code{remote(year_2013, @@>$1)}. The format @code{B3} is not supported because it can not be distinguished from a plain table name or ID. @node Formula syntax for Calc @subsection Formula syntax for Calc @cindex formula syntax, Calc @cindex syntax, of formulas A formula can be any algebraic expression understood by the Emacs @file{Calc} package. Note that @file{calc} has the non-standard convention that @samp{/} has lower precedence than @samp{*}, so that @samp{a/b*c} is interpreted as @samp{a/(b*c)}. Before evaluation by @code{calc-eval} (@pxref{Calling Calc from Your Programs, calc-eval, Calling Calc from Your Lisp Programs, calc, GNU Emacs Calc Manual}), variable substitution takes place according to the rules described above. @cindex vectors, in table calculations The range vectors can be directly fed into the Calc vector functions like @samp{vmean} and @samp{vsum}. @cindex format specifier @cindex mode, for @file{calc} @vindex org-calc-default-modes A formula can contain an optional mode string after a semicolon. This string consists of flags to influence Calc and other modes during execution. By default, Org uses the standard Calc modes (precision 12, angular units degrees, fraction and symbolic modes off). The display format, however, has been changed to @code{(float 8)} to keep tables compact. The default settings can be configured using the option @code{org-calc-default-modes}. @noindent List of modes: @table @asis @item @code{p20} Set the internal Calc calculation precision to 20 digits. @item @code{n3}, @code{s3}, @code{e2}, @code{f4} Normal, scientific, engineering or fixed format of the result of Calc passed back to Org. Calc formatting is unlimited in precision as long as the Calc calculation precision is greater. @item @code{D}, @code{R} Degree and radian angle modes of Calc. @item @code{F}, @code{S} Fraction and symbolic modes of Calc. @item @code{T}, @code{t}, @code{U} Duration computations in Calc or Lisp, @pxref{Durations and time values}. @item @code{E} If and how to consider empty fields. Without @samp{E} empty fields in range references are suppressed so that the Calc vector or Lisp list contains only the non-empty fields. With @samp{E} the empty fields are kept. For empty fields in ranges or empty field references the value @samp{nan} (not a number) is used in Calc formulas and the empty string is used for Lisp formulas. Add @samp{N} to use 0 instead for both formula types. For the value of a field the mode @samp{N} has higher precedence than @samp{E}. @item @code{N} Interpret all fields as numbers, use 0 for non-numbers. See the next section to see how this is essential for computations with Lisp formulas. In Calc formulas it is used only occasionally because there number strings are already interpreted as numbers without @samp{N}. @item @code{L} Literal, for Lisp formulas only. See the next section. @end table @noindent Unless you use large integer numbers or high-precision-calculation and -display for floating point numbers you may alternatively provide a @samp{printf} format specifier to reformat the Calc result after it has been passed back to Org instead of letting Calc already do the formatting@footnote{The @samp{printf} reformatting is limited in precision because the value passed to it is converted into an @samp{integer} or @samp{double}. The @samp{integer} is limited in size by truncating the signed value to 32 bits. The @samp{double} is limited in precision to 64 bits overall which leaves approximately 16 significant decimal digits.}. A few examples: @example $1+$2 @r{Sum of first and second field} $1+$2;%.2f @r{Same, format result to two decimals} exp($2)+exp($1) @r{Math functions can be used} $0;%.1f @r{Reformat current cell to 1 decimal} ($3-32)*5/9 @r{Degrees F -> C conversion} $c/$1/$cm @r{Hz -> cm conversion, using @file{constants.el}} tan($1);Dp3s1 @r{Compute in degrees, precision 3, display SCI 1} sin($1);Dp3%.1e @r{Same, but use printf specifier for display} taylor($3,x=7,2) @r{Taylor series of $3, at x=7, second degree} @end example Calc also contains a complete set of logical operations, (@pxref{Logical Operations, , Logical Operations, calc, GNU Emacs Calc Manual}). For example @table @code @item if($1 < 20, teen, string("")) "teen" if age $1 is less than 20, else the Org table result field is set to empty with the empty string. @item if("$1" == "nan" || "$2" == "nan", string(""),$1 + $2); E f-1 Sum of the first two columns. When at least one of the input fields is empty the Org table result field is set to empty. @samp{E} is required to not convert empty fields to 0. @samp{f-1} is an optional Calc format string similar to @samp{%.1f} but leaves empty results empty. @item if(typeof(vmean($1..$7)) == 12, string(""), vmean($1..$7); E Mean value of a range unless there is any empty field. Every field in the range that is empty is replaced by @samp{nan} which lets @samp{vmean} result in @samp{nan}. Then @samp{typeof == 12} detects the @samp{nan} from @samp{vmean} and the Org table result field is set to empty. Use this when the sample set is expected to never have missing values. @item if("$1..$7" == "[]", string(""), vmean($1..$7)) Mean value of a range with empty fields skipped. Every field in the range that is empty is skipped. When all fields in the range are empty the mean value is not defined and the Org table result field is set to empty. Use this when the sample set can have a variable size. @item vmean($1..$7); EN To complete the example before: Mean value of a range with empty fields counting as samples with value 0. Use this only when incomplete sample sets should be padded with 0 to the full size. @end table You can add your own Calc functions defined in Emacs Lisp with @code{defmath} and use them in formula syntax for Calc. @node Formula syntax for Lisp @subsection Emacs Lisp forms as formulas @cindex Lisp forms, as table formulas It is also possible to write a formula in Emacs Lisp. This can be useful for string manipulation and control structures, if Calc's functionality is not enough. If a formula starts with an apostrophe followed by an opening parenthesis, then it is evaluated as a Lisp form. The evaluation should return either a string or a number. Just as with @file{calc} formulas, you can specify modes and a printf format after a semicolon. With Emacs Lisp forms, you need to be conscious about the way field references are interpolated into the form. By default, a reference will be interpolated as a Lisp string (in double-quotes) containing the field. If you provide the @samp{N} mode switch, all referenced elements will be numbers (non-number fields will be zero) and interpolated as Lisp numbers, without quotes. If you provide the @samp{L} flag, all fields will be interpolated literally, without quotes. I.e., if you want a reference to be interpreted as a string by the Lisp form, enclose the reference operator itself in double-quotes, like @code{"$3"}. Ranges are inserted as space-separated fields, so you can embed them in list or vector syntax. Here are a few examples---note how the @samp{N} mode is used when we do computations in Lisp: @table @code @item '(concat (substring $1 1 2) (substring$1 0 1) (substring $1 2)) Swap the first two characters of the content of column 1. @item '(+$1 $2);N Add columns 1 and 2, equivalent to Calc's @code{$1+$2}. @item '(apply '+ '($1..$4));N Compute the sum of columns 1 to 4, like Calc's @code{vsum($1..$4)}. @end table @node Durations and time values @subsection Durations and time values @cindex Duration, computing @cindex Time, computing @vindex org-table-duration-custom-format If you want to compute time values use the @code{T}, @code{t}, or @code{U} flag, either in Calc formulas or Elisp formulas: @example @group | Task 1 | Task 2 | Total | |---------+----------+----------| | 2:12 | 1:47 | 03:59:00 | | 2:12 | 1:47 | 03:59 | | 3:02:20 | -2:07:00 | 0.92 | #+TBLFM: @@2$3=$1+$2;T::@@3$3=$1+$2;U::@@4$3=$1+$2;t @end group @end example Input duration values must be of the form @code{HH:MM[:SS]}, where seconds are optional. With the @code{T} flag, computed durations will be displayed as @code{HH:MM:SS} (see the first formula above). With the @code{U} flag, seconds will be omitted so that the result will be only @code{HH:MM} (see second formula above). Zero-padding of the hours field will depend upon the value of the variable @code{org-table-duration-hour-zero-padding}. With the @code{t} flag, computed durations will be displayed according to the value of the option @code{org-table-duration-custom-format}, which defaults to @code{'hours} and will display the result as a fraction of hours (see the third formula in the example above). Negative duration values can be manipulated as well, and integers will be considered as seconds in addition and subtraction. @node Field and range formulas @subsection Field and range formulas @cindex field formula @cindex range formula @cindex formula, for individual table field @cindex formula, for range of fields To assign a formula to a particular field, type it directly into the field, preceded by @samp{:=}, for example @samp{:=vsum(@@II..III)}. When you press @key{TAB} or @key{RET} or @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor still in the field, the formula will be stored as the formula for this field, evaluated, and the current field will be replaced with the result. @cindex #+TBLFM Formulas are stored in a special line starting with @samp{#+TBLFM:} directly below the table. If you type the equation in the 4th field of the 3rd data line in the table, the formula will look like @samp{@@3$4=$1+$2}. When inserting/deleting/swapping columns and rows with the appropriate commands, @i{absolute references} (but not relative ones) in stored formulas are modified in order to still reference the same field. To avoid this, in particular in range references, anchor ranges at the table borders (using @code{@@<}, @code{@@>}, @code{$<}, @code{$>}), or at hlines using the @code{@@I} notation. Automatic adaptation of field references does of course not happen if you edit the table structure with normal editing commands---then you must fix the equations yourself. Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the following command @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-u C-c =,org-table-eval-formula} Install a new formula for the current field. The command prompts for a formula with default taken from the @samp{#+TBLFM:} line, applies it to the current field, and stores it. @end table The left-hand side of a formula can also be a special expression in order to assign the formula to a number of different fields. There is no keyboard shortcut to enter such range formulas. To add them, use the formula editor (@pxref{Editing and debugging formulas}) or edit the @code{#+TBLFM:} line directly. @table @code @item$2= Column formula, valid for the entire column. This is so common that Org treats these formulas in a special way, see @ref{Column formulas}. @item @@3= Row formula, applies to all fields in the specified row. @code{@@>=} means the last row. @item @@1$2..@@4$3= Range formula, applies to all fields in the given rectangular range. This can also be used to assign a formula to some but not all fields in a row. @item $name= Named field, see @ref{Advanced features}. @end table @node Column formulas @subsection Column formulas @cindex column formula @cindex formula, for table column When you assign a formula to a simple column reference like @code{$3=}, the same formula will be used in all fields of that column, with the following very convenient exceptions: (i) If the table contains horizontal separator hlines with rows above and below, everything before the first such hline is considered part of the table @emph{header} and will not be modified by column formulas. Therefore a header is mandatory when you use column formulas and want to add hlines to group rows, like for example to separate a total row at the bottom from the summand rows above. (ii) Fields that already get a value from a field/range formula will be left alone by column formulas. These conditions make column formulas very easy to use. To assign a formula to a column, type it directly into any field in the column, preceded by an equal sign, like @samp{=$1+$2}. When you press @key{TAB} or @key{RET} or @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor still in the field, the formula will be stored as the formula for the current column, evaluated and the current field replaced with the result. If the field contains only @samp{=}, the previously stored formula for this column is used. For each column, Org will only remember the most recently used formula. In the @samp{#+TBLFM:} line, column formulas will look like @samp{$4=$1+$2}. The left-hand side of a column formula cannot be the name of column, it must be the numeric column reference or @code{$>}. Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the following command: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c =,org-table-eval-formula} Install a new formula for the current column and replace current field with the result of the formula. The command prompts for a formula, with default taken from the @samp{#+TBLFM} line, applies it to the current field and stores it. With a numeric prefix argument(e.g., @kbd{C-5 C-c =}) the command will apply it to that many consecutive fields in the current column. @end table @node Lookup functions @subsection Lookup functions @cindex lookup functions in tables @cindex table lookup functions Org has three predefined Emacs Lisp functions for lookups in tables. @table @code @item (org-lookup-first VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE) @findex org-lookup-first Searches for the first element @code{S} in list @code{S-LIST} for which @lisp (PREDICATE VAL S) @end lisp is @code{t}; returns the value from the corresponding position in list @code{R-LIST}. The default @code{PREDICATE} is @code{equal}. Note that the parameters @code{VAL} and @code{S} are passed to @code{PREDICATE} in the same order as the corresponding parameters are in the call to @code{org-lookup-first}, where @code{VAL} precedes @code{S-LIST}. If @code{R-LIST} is @code{nil}, the matching element @code{S} of @code{S-LIST} is returned. @item (org-lookup-last VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE) @findex org-lookup-last Similar to @code{org-lookup-first} above, but searches for the @i{last} element for which @code{PREDICATE} is @code{t}. @item (org-lookup-all VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE) @findex org-lookup-all Similar to @code{org-lookup-first}, but searches for @i{all} elements for which @code{PREDICATE} is @code{t}, and returns @i{all} corresponding values. This function can not be used by itself in a formula, because it returns a list of values. However, powerful lookups can be built when this function is combined with other Emacs Lisp functions. @end table If the ranges used in these functions contain empty fields, the @code{E} mode for the formula should usually be specified: otherwise empty fields will not be included in @code{S-LIST} and/or @code{R-LIST} which can, for example, result in an incorrect mapping from an element of @code{S-LIST} to the corresponding element of @code{R-LIST}. These three functions can be used to implement associative arrays, count matching cells, rank results, group data etc. For practical examples see @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-lookups.html, this tutorial on Worg}. @node Editing and debugging formulas @subsection Editing and debugging formulas @cindex formula editing @cindex editing, of table formulas @vindex org-table-use-standard-references You can edit individual formulas in the minibuffer or directly in the field. Org can also prepare a special buffer with all active formulas of a table. When offering a formula for editing, Org converts references to the standard format (like @code{B3} or @code{D&}) if possible. If you prefer to only work with the internal format (like @code{@@3$2} or @code{$4}), configure the option @code{org-table-use-standard-references}. @table @kbd @orgcmdkkc{C-c =,C-u C-c =,org-table-eval-formula} Edit the formula associated with the current column/field in the minibuffer. See @ref{Column formulas}, and @ref{Field and range formulas}. @orgcmd{C-u C-u C-c =,org-table-eval-formula} Re-insert the active formula (either a field formula, or a column formula) into the current field, so that you can edit it directly in the field. The advantage over editing in the minibuffer is that you can use the command @kbd{C-c ?}. @orgcmd{C-c ?,org-table-field-info} While editing a formula in a table field, highlight the field(s) referenced by the reference at the cursor position in the formula. @kindex C-c @} @findex org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays @item C-c @} Toggle the display of row and column numbers for a table, using overlays (@command{org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays}). These are updated each time the table is aligned; you can force it with @kbd{C-c C-c}. @kindex C-c @{ @findex org-table-toggle-formula-debugger @item C-c @{ Toggle the formula debugger on and off (@command{org-table-toggle-formula-debugger}). See below. @orgcmd{C-c ',org-table-edit-formulas} Edit all formulas for the current table in a special buffer, where the formulas will be displayed one per line. If the current field has an active formula, the cursor in the formula editor will mark it. While inside the special buffer, Org will automatically highlight any field or range reference at the cursor position. You may edit, remove and add formulas, and use the following commands: @table @kbd @orgcmdkkc{C-c C-c,C-x C-s,org-table-fedit-finish} Exit the formula editor and store the modified formulas. With @kbd{C-u} prefix, also apply the new formulas to the entire table. @orgcmd{C-c C-q,org-table-fedit-abort} Exit the formula editor without installing changes. @orgcmd{C-c C-r,org-table-fedit-toggle-ref-type} Toggle all references in the formula editor between standard (like @code{B3}) and internal (like @code{@@3$2}). @orgcmd{@key{TAB},org-table-fedit-lisp-indent} Pretty-print or indent Lisp formula at point. When in a line containing a Lisp formula, format the formula according to Emacs Lisp rules. Another @key{TAB} collapses the formula back again. In the open formula, @key{TAB} re-indents just like in Emacs Lisp mode. @orgcmd{M-@key{TAB},lisp-complete-symbol} Complete Lisp symbols, just like in Emacs Lisp mode.@footnote{Many desktops intercept @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to switch windows. Use @kbd{C-M-i} or @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} instead for completion (@pxref{Completion}).} @kindex S-@key{up} @kindex S-@key{down} @kindex S-@key{left} @kindex S-@key{right} @findex org-table-fedit-ref-up @findex org-table-fedit-ref-down @findex org-table-fedit-ref-left @findex org-table-fedit-ref-right @item S-@key{up}/@key{down}/@key{left}/@key{right} Shift the reference at point. For example, if the reference is @code{B3} and you press @kbd{S-@key{right}}, it will become @code{C3}. This also works for relative references and for hline references. @orgcmdkkcc{M-S-@key{up},M-S-@key{down},org-table-fedit-line-up,org-table-fedit-line-down} Move the test line for column formulas in the Org buffer up and down. @orgcmdkkcc{M-@key{up},M-@key{down},org-table-fedit-scroll-down,org-table-fedit-scroll-up} Scroll the window displaying the table. @kindex C-c @} @findex org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays @item C-c @} Turn the coordinate grid in the table on and off. @end table @end table Making a table field blank does not remove the formula associated with the field, because that is stored in a different line (the @samp{#+TBLFM} line)---during the next recalculation the field will be filled again. To remove a formula from a field, you have to give an empty reply when prompted for the formula, or to edit the @samp{#+TBLFM} line. @kindex C-c C-c You may edit the @samp{#+TBLFM} directly and re-apply the changed equations with @kbd{C-c C-c} in that line or with the normal recalculation commands in the table. @anchor{Using multiple #+TBLFM lines} @subsubheading Using multiple #+TBLFM lines @cindex #+TBLFM line, multiple @cindex #+TBLFM @cindex #+TBLFM, switching @kindex C-c C-c You may apply the formula temporarily. This is useful when you switch the formula. Place multiple @samp{#+TBLFM} lines right after the table, and then press @kbd{C-c C-c} on the formula to apply. Here is an example: @example | x | y | |---+---| | 1 | | | 2 | | #+TBLFM:$2=$1*1 #+TBLFM:$2=$1*2 @end example @noindent Pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} in the line of @samp{#+TBLFM:$2=$1*2} yields: @example | x | y | |---+---| | 1 | 2 | | 2 | 4 | #+TBLFM:$2=$1*1 #+TBLFM:$2=$1*2 @end example @noindent Note: If you recalculate this table (with @kbd{C-u C-c *}, for example), you will get the following result of applying only the first @samp{#+TBLFM} line. @example | x | y | |---+---| | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | #+TBLFM:$2=$1*1 #+TBLFM:$2=$1*2 @end example @subsubheading Debugging formulas @cindex formula debugging @cindex debugging, of table formulas When the evaluation of a formula leads to an error, the field content becomes the string @samp{#ERROR}. If you would like see what is going on during variable substitution and calculation in order to find a bug, turn on formula debugging in the @code{Tbl} menu and repeat the calculation, for example by pressing @kbd{C-u C-u C-c = @key{RET}} in a field. Detailed information will be displayed. @node Updating the table @subsection Updating the table @cindex recomputing table fields @cindex updating, table Recalculation of a table is normally not automatic, but needs to be triggered by a command. See @ref{Advanced features}, for a way to make recalculation at least semi-automatic. In order to recalculate a line of a table or the entire table, use the following commands: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c *,org-table-recalculate} Recalculate the current row by first applying the stored column formulas from left to right, and all field/range formulas in the current row. @c @kindex C-u C-c * @item C-u C-c * @kindex C-u C-c C-c @itemx C-u C-c C-c Recompute the entire table, line by line. Any lines before the first hline are left alone, assuming that these are part of the table header. @c @orgcmdkkc{C-u C-u C-c *,C-u C-u C-c C-c,org-table-iterate} Iterate the table by recomputing it until no further changes occur. This may be necessary if some computed fields use the value of other fields that are computed @i{later} in the calculation sequence. @item M-x org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables RET @findex org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables Recompute all tables in the current buffer. @item M-x org-table-iterate-buffer-tables RET @findex org-table-iterate-buffer-tables Iterate all tables in the current buffer, in order to converge table-to-table dependencies. @end table @node Advanced features @subsection Advanced features If you want the recalculation of fields to happen automatically, or if you want to be able to assign @i{names}@footnote{Such names must start by an alphabetic character and use only alphanumeric/underscore characters.} to fields and columns, you need to reserve the first column of the table for special marking characters. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-#,org-table-rotate-recalc-marks} Rotate the calculation mark in first column through the states @samp{ }, @samp{#}, @samp{*}, @samp{!}, @samp{$}. When there is an active region, change all marks in the region. @end table Here is an example of a table that collects exam results of students and makes use of these features: @example @group |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------| | | Student | Prob 1 | Prob 2 | Prob 3 | Total | Note | |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------| | ! | | P1 | P2 | P3 | Tot | | | # | Maximum | 10 | 15 | 25 | 50 | 10.0 | | ^ | | m1 | m2 | m3 | mt | | |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------| | # | Peter | 10 | 8 | 23 | 41 | 8.2 | | # | Sam | 2 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 1.8 | |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------| | | Average | | | | 25.0 | | | ^ | | | | | at | | | $| max=50 | | | | | | |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------| #+TBLFM:$6=vsum($P1..$P3)::$7=10*$Tot/$max;%.1f::$at=vmean(@@-II..@@-I);%.1f @end group @end example @noindent @b{Important}: please note that for these special tables, recalculating the table with @kbd{C-u C-c *} will only affect rows that are marked @samp{#} or @samp{*}, and fields that have a formula assigned to the field itself. The column formulas are not applied in rows with empty first field. @cindex marking characters, tables The marking characters have the following meaning: @table @samp @item ! The fields in this line define names for the columns, so that you may refer to a column as @samp{$Tot} instead of @samp{$6}. @item ^ This row defines names for the fields @emph{above} the row. With such a definition, any formula in the table may use @samp{$m1} to refer to the value @samp{10}. Also, if you assign a formula to a names field, it will be stored as @samp{$name=...}. @item _ Similar to @samp{^}, but defines names for the fields in the row @emph{below}. @item $Fields in this row can define @emph{parameters} for formulas. For example, if a field in a @samp{$} row contains @samp{max=50}, then formulas in this table can refer to the value 50 using @samp{$max}. Parameters work exactly like constants, only that they can be defined on a per-table basis. @item # Fields in this row are automatically recalculated when pressing @key{TAB} or @key{RET} or @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} in this row. Also, this row is selected for a global recalculation with @kbd{C-u C-c *}. Unmarked lines will be left alone by this command. @item * Selects this line for global recalculation with @kbd{C-u C-c *}, but not for automatic recalculation. Use this when automatic recalculation slows down editing too much. @item @w{ } Unmarked lines are exempt from recalculation with @kbd{C-u C-c *}. All lines that should be recalculated should be marked with @samp{#} or @samp{*}. @item / Do not export this line. Useful for lines that contain the narrowing @samp{} markers or column group markers. @end table Finally, just to whet your appetite for what can be done with the fantastic @file{calc.el} package, here is a table that computes the Taylor series of degree @code{n} at location @code{x} for a couple of functions. @example @group |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------| | | Func | n | x | Result | |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------| | # | exp(x) | 1 | x | 1 + x | | # | exp(x) | 2 | x | 1 + x + x^2 / 2 | | # | exp(x) | 3 | x | 1 + x + x^2 / 2 + x^3 / 6 | | # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=0 | x*(0.5 / 0) + x^2 (2 - 0.25 / 0) / 2 | | # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=1 | 2 + 2.5 x - 2.5 + 0.875 (x - 1)^2 | | * | tan(x) | 3 | x | 0.0175 x + 1.77e-6 x^3 | |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------| #+TBLFM:$5=taylor($2,$4,$3);n3 @end group @end example @node Org-Plot @section Org-Plot @cindex graph, in tables @cindex plot tables using Gnuplot @cindex #+PLOT Org-Plot can produce graphs of information stored in org tables, either graphically or in ASCII-art. @subheading Graphical plots using @file{Gnuplot} Org-Plot produces 2D and 3D graphs using @file{Gnuplot} @uref{http://www.gnuplot.info/} and @file{gnuplot-mode} @uref{http://xafs.org/BruceRavel/GnuplotMode}. To see this in action, ensure that you have both Gnuplot and Gnuplot mode installed on your system, then call @kbd{C-c " g} or @kbd{M-x org-plot/gnuplot @key{RET}} on the following table. @example @group #+PLOT: title:"Citas" ind:1 deps:(3) type:2d with:histograms set:"yrange [0:]" | Sede | Max cites | H-index | |-----------+-----------+---------| | Chile | 257.72 | 21.39 | | Leeds | 165.77 | 19.68 | | Sao Paolo | 71.00 | 11.50 | | Stockholm | 134.19 | 14.33 | | Morelia | 257.56 | 17.67 | @end group @end example Notice that Org Plot is smart enough to apply the table's headers as labels. Further control over the labels, type, content, and appearance of plots can be exercised through the @code{#+PLOT:} lines preceding a table. See below for a complete list of Org-plot options. The @code{#+PLOT:} lines are optional. For more information and examples see the Org-plot tutorial at @uref{https://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-plot.html}. @subsubheading Plot Options @table @code @item set Specify any @command{gnuplot} option to be set when graphing. @item title Specify the title of the plot. @item ind Specify which column of the table to use as the @code{x} axis. @item deps Specify the columns to graph as a Lisp style list, surrounded by parentheses and separated by spaces for example @code{dep:(3 4)} to graph the third and fourth columns (defaults to graphing all other columns aside from the @code{ind} column). @item type Specify whether the plot will be @code{2d}, @code{3d}, or @code{grid}. @item with Specify a @code{with} option to be inserted for every col being plotted (e.g., @code{lines}, @code{points}, @code{boxes}, @code{impulses}, etc...). Defaults to @code{lines}. @item file If you want to plot to a file, specify @code{"@var{path/to/desired/output-file}"}. @item labels List of labels to be used for the @code{deps} (defaults to the column headers if they exist). @item line Specify an entire line to be inserted in the Gnuplot script. @item map When plotting @code{3d} or @code{grid} types, set this to @code{t} to graph a flat mapping rather than a @code{3d} slope. @item timefmt Specify format of Org mode timestamps as they will be parsed by Gnuplot. Defaults to @samp{%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M:%S}. @item script If you want total control, you can specify a script file (place the file name between double-quotes) which will be used to plot. Before plotting, every instance of @code{$datafile} in the specified script will be replaced with the path to the generated data file. Note: even if you set this option, you may still want to specify the plot type, as that can impact the content of the data file. @end table @subheading ASCII bar plots While the cursor is on a column, typing @kbd{C-c " a} or @kbd{M-x orgtbl-ascii-plot @key{RET}} create a new column containing an ASCII-art bars plot. The plot is implemented through a regular column formula. When the source column changes, the bar plot may be updated by refreshing the table, for example typing @kbd{C-u C-c *}. @example @group | Sede | Max cites | | |---------------+-----------+--------------| | Chile | 257.72 | WWWWWWWWWWWW | | Leeds | 165.77 | WWWWWWWh | | Sao Paolo | 71.00 | WWW; | | Stockholm | 134.19 | WWWWWW: | | Morelia | 257.56 | WWWWWWWWWWWH | | Rochefourchat | 0.00 | | #+TBLFM: $3='(orgtbl-ascii-draw$2 0.0 257.72 12) @end group @end example The formula is an elisp call: @lisp (orgtbl-ascii-draw COLUMN MIN MAX WIDTH) @end lisp @table @code @item COLUMN is a reference to the source column. @item MIN MAX are the minimal and maximal values displayed. Sources values outside this range are displayed as @samp{too small} or @samp{too large}. @item WIDTH is the width in characters of the bar-plot. It defaults to @samp{12}. @end table @node Hyperlinks @chapter Hyperlinks @cindex hyperlinks Like HTML, Org provides links inside a file, external links to other files, Usenet articles, emails, and much more. @menu * Link format:: How links in Org are formatted * Internal links:: Links to other places in the current file * External links:: URL-like links to the world * Handling links:: Creating, inserting and following * Using links outside Org:: Linking from my C source code? * Link abbreviations:: Shortcuts for writing complex links * Search options:: Linking to a specific location * Custom searches:: When the default search is not enough @end menu @node Link format @section Link format @cindex link format @cindex format, of links Org will recognize plain URL-like links and activate them as clickable links. The general link format, however, looks like this: @example [[link][description]] @r{or alternatively} [[link]] @end example @noindent Once a link in the buffer is complete (all brackets present), Org will change the display so that @samp{description} is displayed instead of @samp{[[link][description]]} and @samp{link} is displayed instead of @samp{[[link]]}. Links will be highlighted in the face @code{org-link}, which by default is an underlined face. You can directly edit the visible part of a link. Note that this can be either the @samp{link} part (if there is no description) or the @samp{description} part. To edit also the invisible @samp{link} part, use @kbd{C-c C-l} with the cursor on the link. If you place the cursor at the beginning or just behind the end of the displayed text and press @key{BACKSPACE}, you will remove the (invisible) bracket at that location. This makes the link incomplete and the internals are again displayed as plain text. Inserting the missing bracket hides the link internals again. To show the internal structure of all links, use the menu entry @code{Org->Hyperlinks->Literal links}. @node Internal links @section Internal links @cindex internal links @cindex links, internal @cindex targets, for links @cindex property, CUSTOM_ID If the link does not look like a URL, it is considered to be internal in the current file. The most important case is a link like @samp{[[#my-custom-id]]} which will link to the entry with the @code{CUSTOM_ID} property @samp{my-custom-id}. You are responsible yourself to make sure these custom IDs are unique in a file. Links such as @samp{[[My Target]]} or @samp{[[My Target][Find my target]]} lead to a text search in the current file. The link can be followed with @kbd{C-c C-o} when the cursor is on the link, or with a mouse click (@pxref{Handling links}). Links to custom IDs will point to the corresponding headline. The preferred match for a text link is a @i{dedicated target}: the same string in double angular brackets, like @samp{<>}. @cindex #+NAME If no dedicated target exists, the link will then try to match the exact name of an element within the buffer. Naming is done with the @code{#+NAME} keyword, which has to be put in the line before the element it refers to, as in the following example @example #+NAME: My Target | a | table | |----+------------| | of | four cells | @end example If none of the above succeeds, Org will search for a headline that is exactly the link text but may also include a TODO keyword and tags@footnote{To insert a link targeting a headline, in-buffer completion can be used. Just type a star followed by a few optional letters into the buffer and press @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. All headlines in the current buffer will be offered as completions.}. During export, internal links will be used to mark objects and assign them a number. Marked objects will then be referenced by links pointing to them. In particular, links without a description will appear as the number assigned to the marked object@footnote{When targeting a @code{#+NAME} keyword, @code{#+CAPTION} keyword is mandatory in order to get proper numbering (@pxref{Images and tables}).}. In the following excerpt from an Org buffer @example - one item - <>another item Here we refer to item [[target]]. @end example @noindent The last sentence will appear as @samp{Here we refer to item 2} when exported. In non-Org files, the search will look for the words in the link text. In the above example the search would be for @samp{my target}. Following a link pushes a mark onto Org's own mark ring. You can return to the previous position with @kbd{C-c &}. Using this command several times in direct succession goes back to positions recorded earlier. @menu * Radio targets:: Make targets trigger links in plain text @end menu @node Radio targets @subsection Radio targets @cindex radio targets @cindex targets, radio @cindex links, radio targets Org can automatically turn any occurrences of certain target names in normal text into a link. So without explicitly creating a link, the text connects to the target radioing its position. Radio targets are enclosed by triple angular brackets. For example, a target @samp{<<>>} causes each occurrence of @samp{my target} in normal text to become activated as a link. The Org file is scanned automatically for radio targets only when the file is first loaded into Emacs. To update the target list during editing, press @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor on or at a target. @node External links @section External links @cindex links, external @cindex external links @cindex Gnus links @cindex BBDB links @cindex IRC links @cindex URL links @cindex file links @cindex RMAIL links @cindex MH-E links @cindex USENET links @cindex SHELL links @cindex Info links @cindex Elisp links Org supports links to files, websites, Usenet and email messages, BBDB database entries and links to both IRC conversations and their logs. External links are URL-like locators. They start with a short identifying string followed by a colon. There can be no space after the colon. The following list shows examples for each link type. @example http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik @r{on the web} doi:10.1000/182 @r{DOI for an electronic resource} file:/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg @r{file, absolute path} /home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg @r{same as above} file:papers/last.pdf @r{file, relative path} ./papers/last.pdf @r{same as above} file:/ssh:myself@@some.where:papers/last.pdf @r{file, path on remote machine} /ssh:myself@@some.where:papers/last.pdf @r{same as above} file:sometextfile::NNN @r{file, jump to line number} file:projects.org @r{another Org file} file:projects.org::some words @r{text search in Org file}@footnote{ The actual behavior of the search will depend on the value of the option @code{org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline}. If its value is @code{nil}, then a fuzzy text search will be done. If it is @code{t}, then only the exact headline will be matched, ignoring spaces and cookies. If the value is @code{query-to-create}, then an exact headline will be searched; if it is not found, then the user will be queried to create it.} file:projects.org::*task title @r{heading search in Org file}@footnote{ Headline searches always match the exact headline, ignoring spaces and cookies. If the headline is not found and the value of the option @code{org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline} is @code{query-to-create}, then the user will be queried to create it.} docview:papers/last.pdf::NNN @r{open in doc-view mode at page} id:B7423F4D-2E8A-471B-8810-C40F074717E9 @r{Link to heading by ID} news:comp.emacs @r{Usenet link} mailto:adent@@galaxy.net @r{Mail link} mhe:folder @r{MH-E folder link} mhe:folder#id @r{MH-E message link} rmail:folder @r{RMAIL folder link} rmail:folder#id @r{RMAIL message link} gnus:group @r{Gnus group link} gnus:group#id @r{Gnus article link} bbdb:R.*Stallman @r{BBDB link (with regexp)} irc:/irc.com/#emacs/bob @r{IRC link} info:org#External links @r{Info node or index link} shell:ls *.org @r{A shell command} elisp:org-agenda @r{Interactive Elisp command} elisp:(find-file-other-frame "Elisp.org") @r{Elisp form to evaluate} @end example @cindex VM links @cindex WANDERLUST links On top of these built-in link types, some are available through the @code{contrib/} directory (@pxref{Installation}). For example, these links to VM or Wanderlust messages are available when you load the corresponding libraries from the @code{contrib/} directory: @example vm:folder @r{VM folder link} vm:folder#id @r{VM message link} vm://myself@@some.where.org/folder#id @r{VM on remote machine} vm-imap:account:folder @r{VM IMAP folder link} vm-imap:account:folder#id @r{VM IMAP message link} wl:folder @r{WANDERLUST folder link} wl:folder#id @r{WANDERLUST message link} @end example For customizing Org to add new link types @ref{Adding hyperlink types}. A link should be enclosed in double brackets and may contain a descriptive text to be displayed instead of the URL (@pxref{Link format}), for example: @example [[https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/][GNU Emacs]] @end example @noindent If the description is a file name or URL that points to an image, HTML export (@pxref{HTML export}) will inline the image as a clickable button. If there is no description at all and the link points to an image, that image will be inlined into the exported HTML file. @cindex square brackets, around links @cindex plain text external links Org also finds external links in the normal text and activates them as links. If spaces must be part of the link (for example in @samp{bbdb:Richard Stallman}), or if you need to remove ambiguities about the end of the link, enclose them in square brackets. @node Handling links @section Handling links @cindex links, handling Org provides methods to create a link in the correct syntax, to insert it into an Org file, and to follow the link. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c l,org-store-link} @cindex storing links Store a link to the current location. This is a @emph{global} command (you must create the key binding yourself) which can be used in any buffer to create a link. The link will be stored for later insertion into an Org buffer (see below). What kind of link will be created depends on the current buffer: @b{Org mode buffers}@* For Org files, if there is a @samp{<>} at the cursor, the link points to the target. Otherwise it points to the current headline, which will also be the description@footnote{If the headline contains a timestamp, it will be removed from the link and result in a wrong link---you should avoid putting timestamp in the headline.}. @vindex org-id-link-to-org-use-id @cindex property, CUSTOM_ID @cindex property, ID If the headline has a @code{CUSTOM_ID} property, a link to this custom ID will be stored. In addition or alternatively (depending on the value of @code{org-id-link-to-org-use-id}), a globally unique @code{ID} property will be created and/or used to construct a link@footnote{The library @file{org-id.el} must first be loaded, either through @code{org-customize} by enabling @code{org-id} in @code{org-modules}, or by adding @code{(require 'org-id)} in your Emacs init file.}. So using this command in Org buffers will potentially create two links: a human-readable from the custom ID, and one that is globally unique and works even if the entry is moved from file to file. Later, when inserting the link, you need to decide which one to use. @b{Email/News clients: VM, Rmail, Wanderlust, MH-E, Gnus}@* Pretty much all Emacs mail clients are supported. The link will point to the current article, or, in some GNUS buffers, to the group. The description is constructed from the author and the subject. @b{Web browsers: Eww, W3 and W3M}@* Here the link will be the current URL, with the page title as description. @b{Contacts: BBDB}@* Links created in a BBDB buffer will point to the current entry. @b{Chat: IRC}@* @vindex org-irc-link-to-logs For IRC links, if you set the option @code{org-irc-link-to-logs} to @code{t}, a @samp{file:/} style link to the relevant point in the logs for the current conversation is created. Otherwise an @samp{irc:/} style link to the user/channel/server under the point will be stored. @b{Other files}@* For any other files, the link will point to the file, with a search string (@pxref{Search options}) pointing to the contents of the current line. If there is an active region, the selected words will form the basis of the search string. If the automatically created link is not working correctly or accurately enough, you can write custom functions to select the search string and to do the search for particular file types---see @ref{Custom searches}. The key binding @kbd{C-c l} is only a suggestion---see @ref{Installation}. @b{Agenda view}@* When the cursor is in an agenda view, the created link points to the entry referenced by the current line. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-l,org-insert-link} @cindex link completion @cindex completion, of links @cindex inserting links @vindex org-keep-stored-link-after-insertion @vindex org-link-parameters Insert a link@footnote{Note that you don't have to use this command to insert a link. Links in Org are plain text, and you can type or paste them straight into the buffer. By using this command, the links are automatically enclosed in double brackets, and you will be asked for the optional descriptive text.}. This prompts for a link to be inserted into the buffer. You can just type a link, using text for an internal link, or one of the link type prefixes mentioned in the examples above. The link will be inserted into the buffer@footnote{After insertion of a stored link, the link will be removed from the list of stored links. To keep it in the list later use, use a triple @kbd{C-u} prefix argument to @kbd{C-c C-l}, or configure the option @code{org-keep-stored-link-after-insertion}.}, along with a descriptive text. If some text was selected when this command is called, the selected text becomes the default description. @b{Inserting stored links}@* All links stored during the current session are part of the history for this prompt, so you can access them with @key{up} and @key{down} (or @kbd{M-p/n}). @b{Completion support}@* Completion with @key{TAB} will help you to insert valid link prefixes like @samp{https:}, including the prefixes defined through link abbreviations (@pxref{Link abbreviations}). If you press @key{RET} after inserting only the @var{prefix}, Org will offer specific completion support for some link types@footnote{This works if a completion function is defined in the @samp{:complete} property of a link in @code{org-link-parameters}.} For example, if you type @kbd{file @key{RET}}, file name completion (alternative access: @kbd{C-u C-c C-l}, see below) will be offered, and after @kbd{bbdb @key{RET}} you can complete contact names. @orgkey C-u C-c C-l @cindex file name completion @cindex completion, of file names When @kbd{C-c C-l} is called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, a link to a file will be inserted and you may use file name completion to select the name of the file. The path to the file is inserted relative to the directory of the current Org file, if the linked file is in the current directory or in a sub-directory of it, or if the path is written relative to the current directory using @samp{../}. Otherwise an absolute path is used, if possible with @samp{~/} for your home directory. You can force an absolute path with two @kbd{C-u} prefixes. @c @item C-c C-l @ @r{(with cursor on existing link)} When the cursor is on an existing link, @kbd{C-c C-l} allows you to edit the link and description parts of the link. @c @cindex following links @orgcmd{C-c C-o,org-open-at-point} @vindex org-file-apps @vindex org-link-frame-setup Open link at point. This will launch a web browser for URLs (using @command{browse-url-at-point}), run VM/MH-E/Wanderlust/Rmail/Gnus/BBDB for the corresponding links, and execute the command in a shell link. When the cursor is on an internal link, this command runs the corresponding search. When the cursor is on a TAG list in a headline, it creates the corresponding TAGS view. If the cursor is on a timestamp, it compiles the agenda for that date. Furthermore, it will visit text and remote files in @samp{file:} links with Emacs and select a suitable application for local non-text files. Classification of files is based on file extension only. See option @code{org-file-apps}. If you want to override the default application and visit the file with Emacs, use a @kbd{C-u} prefix. If you want to avoid opening in Emacs, use a @kbd{C-u C-u} prefix.@* If the cursor is on a headline, but not on a link, offer all links in the headline and entry text. If you want to setup the frame configuration for following links, customize @code{org-link-frame-setup}. @orgkey @key{RET} @vindex org-return-follows-link When @code{org-return-follows-link} is set, @kbd{@key{RET}} will also follow the link at point. @c @kindex mouse-2 @kindex mouse-1 @item mouse-2 @itemx mouse-1 On links, @kbd{mouse-1} and @kbd{mouse-2} will open the link just as @kbd{C-c C-o} would. @c @kindex mouse-3 @item mouse-3 @vindex org-display-internal-link-with-indirect-buffer Like @kbd{mouse-2}, but force file links to be opened with Emacs, and internal links to be displayed in another window@footnote{See the option @code{org-display-internal-link-with-indirect-buffer}}. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-v,org-toggle-inline-images} @cindex inlining images @cindex images, inlining @vindex org-startup-with-inline-images @cindex @code{inlineimages}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{noinlineimages}, STARTUP keyword Toggle the inline display of linked images. Normally this will only inline images that have no description part in the link, i.e., images that will also be inlined during export. When called with a prefix argument, also display images that do have a link description. You can ask for inline images to be displayed at startup by configuring the variable @code{org-startup-with-inline-images}@footnote{with corresponding @code{#+STARTUP} keywords @code{inlineimages} and @code{noinlineimages}}. @orgcmd{C-c %,org-mark-ring-push} @cindex mark ring Push the current position onto the mark ring, to be able to return easily. Commands following an internal link do this automatically. @c @orgcmd{C-c &,org-mark-ring-goto} @cindex links, returning to Jump back to a recorded position. A position is recorded by the commands following internal links, and by @kbd{C-c %}. Using this command several times in direct succession moves through a ring of previously recorded positions. @c @orgcmdkkcc{C-c C-x C-n,C-c C-x C-p,org-next-link,org-previous-link} @cindex links, finding next/previous Move forward/backward to the next link in the buffer. At the limit of the buffer, the search fails once, and then wraps around. The key bindings for this are really too long; you might want to bind this also to @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} @lisp (add-hook 'org-load-hook (lambda () (define-key org-mode-map "\C-n" 'org-next-link) (define-key org-mode-map "\C-p" 'org-previous-link))) @end lisp @end table @node Using links outside Org @section Using links outside Org You can insert and follow links that have Org syntax not only in Org, but in any Emacs buffer. For this, you should create two global commands, like this (please select suitable global keys yourself): @lisp (global-set-key "\C-c L" 'org-insert-link-global) (global-set-key "\C-c o" 'org-open-at-point-global) @end lisp @node Link abbreviations @section Link abbreviations @cindex link abbreviations @cindex abbreviation, links Long URLs can be cumbersome to type, and often many similar links are needed in a document. For this you can use link abbreviations. An abbreviated link looks like this @example [[linkword:tag][description]] @end example @noindent @vindex org-link-abbrev-alist where the tag is optional. The @i{linkword} must be a word, starting with a letter, followed by letters, numbers, @samp{-}, and @samp{_}. Abbreviations are resolved according to the information in the variable @code{org-link-abbrev-alist} that relates the linkwords to replacement text. Here is an example: @smalllisp @group (setq org-link-abbrev-alist '(("bugzilla" . "http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=") ("url-to-ja" . "http://translate.google.fr/translate?sl=en&tl=ja&u=%h") ("google" . "http://www.google.com/search?q=") ("gmap" . "http://maps.google.com/maps?q=%s") ("omap" . "http://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=%s&polygon=1") ("ads" . "http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?author=%s&db_key=AST"))) @end group @end smalllisp If the replacement text contains the string @samp{%s}, it will be replaced with the tag. Using @samp{%h} instead of @samp{%s} will url-encode the tag (see the example above, where we need to encode the URL parameter.) Using @samp{%(my-function)} will pass the tag to a custom function, and replace it by the resulting string. If the replacement text doesn't contain any specifier, the tag will simply be appended in order to create the link. Instead of a string, you may also specify a function that will be called with the tag as the only argument to create the link. With the above setting, you could link to a specific bug with @code{[[bugzilla:129]]}, search the web for @samp{OrgMode} with @code{[[google:OrgMode]]}, show the map location of the Free Software Foundation @code{[[gmap:51 Franklin Street, Boston]]} or of Carsten office @code{[[omap:Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands]]} and find out what the Org author is doing besides Emacs hacking with @code{[[ads:Dominik,C]]}. If you need special abbreviations just for a single Org buffer, you can define them in the file with @cindex #+LINK @example #+LINK: bugzilla http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id= #+LINK: google http://www.google.com/search?q=%s @end example @noindent In-buffer completion (@pxref{Completion}) can be used after @samp{[} to complete link abbreviations. You may also define a function that implements special (e.g., completion) support for inserting such a link with @kbd{C-c C-l}. Such a function should not accept any arguments, and return the full link with prefix. You can add a completion function to a link like this: @lisp (org-link-set-parameters type'' :complete #'some-function) @end lisp @node Search options @section Search options in file links @cindex search option in file links @cindex file links, searching File links can contain additional information to make Emacs jump to a particular location in the file when following a link. This can be a line number or a search option after a double@footnote{For backward compatibility, line numbers can also follow a single colon.} colon. For example, when the command @kbd{C-c l} creates a link (@pxref{Handling links}) to a file, it encodes the words in the current line as a search string that can be used to find this line back later when following the link with @kbd{C-c C-o}. Here is the syntax of the different ways to attach a search to a file link, together with an explanation: @example [[file:~/code/main.c::255]] [[file:~/xx.org::My Target]] [[file:~/xx.org::*My Target]] [[file:~/xx.org::#my-custom-id]] [[file:~/xx.org::/regexp/]] @end example @table @code @item 255 Jump to line 255. @item My Target Search for a link target @samp{<>}, or do a text search for @samp{my target}, similar to the search in internal links, see @ref{Internal links}. In HTML export (@pxref{HTML export}), such a file link will become an HTML reference to the corresponding named anchor in the linked file. @item *My Target In an Org file, restrict search to headlines. @item #my-custom-id Link to a heading with a @code{CUSTOM_ID} property @item /regexp/ Do a regular expression search for @code{regexp}. This uses the Emacs command @code{occur} to list all matches in a separate window. If the target file is in Org mode, @code{org-occur} is used to create a sparse tree with the matches. @c If the target file is a directory, @c @code{grep} will be used to search all files in the directory. @end table As a degenerate case, a file link with an empty file name can be used to search the current file. For example, @code{[[file:::find me]]} does a search for @samp{find me} in the current file, just as @samp{[[find me]]} would. @node Custom searches @section Custom Searches @cindex custom search strings @cindex search strings, custom The default mechanism for creating search strings and for doing the actual search related to a file link may not work correctly in all cases. For example, Bib@TeX{} database files have many entries like @samp{year="1993"} which would not result in good search strings, because the only unique identification for a Bib@TeX{} entry is the citation key. @vindex org-create-file-search-functions @vindex org-execute-file-search-functions If you come across such a problem, you can write custom functions to set the right search string for a particular file type, and to do the search for the string in the file. Using @code{add-hook}, these functions need to be added to the hook variables @code{org-create-file-search-functions} and @code{org-execute-file-search-functions}. See the docstring for these variables for more information. Org actually uses this mechanism for Bib@TeX{} database files, and you can use the corresponding code as an implementation example. See the file @file{org-bibtex.el}. @node TODO items @chapter TODO items @cindex TODO items Org mode does not maintain TODO lists as separate documents@footnote{Of course, you can make a document that contains only long lists of TODO items, but this is not required.}. Instead, TODO items are an integral part of the notes file, because TODO items usually come up while taking notes! With Org mode, simply mark any entry in a tree as being a TODO item. In this way, information is not duplicated, and the entire context from which the TODO item emerged is always present. Of course, this technique for managing TODO items scatters them throughout your notes file. Org mode compensates for this by providing methods to give you an overview of all the things that you have to do. @menu * TODO basics:: Marking and displaying TODO entries * TODO extensions:: Workflow and assignments * Progress logging:: Dates and notes for progress * Priorities:: Some things are more important than others * Breaking down tasks:: Splitting a task into manageable pieces * Checkboxes:: Tick-off lists @end menu @node TODO basics @section Basic TODO functionality Any headline becomes a TODO item when it starts with the word @samp{TODO}, for example: @example *** TODO Write letter to Sam Fortune @end example @noindent The most important commands to work with TODO entries are: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-t,org-todo} @cindex cycling, of TODO states @vindex org-use-fast-todo-selection Rotate the TODO state of the current item among @example ,-> (unmarked) -> TODO -> DONE --. '--------------------------------' @end example If TODO keywords have fast access keys (see @ref{Fast access to TODO states}), you will be prompted for a TODO keyword through the fast selection interface; this is the default behavior when @code{org-use-fast-todo-selection} is non-@code{nil}. The same rotation can also be done remotely'' from agenda buffers with the @kbd{t} command key (@pxref{Agenda commands}). @orgkey{C-u C-c C-t} When TODO keywords have no selection keys, select a specific keyword using completion; otherwise force cycling through TODO states with no prompt. When @code{org-use-fast-todo-selection} is set to @code{prefix}, use the fast selection interface. @kindex S-@key{right} @kindex S-@key{left} @item S-@key{right} @ @r{/} @ S-@key{left} @vindex org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change Select the following/preceding TODO state, similar to cycling. Useful mostly if more than two TODO states are possible (@pxref{TODO extensions}). See also @ref{Conflicts}, for a discussion of the interaction with @code{shift-selection-mode}. See also the variable @code{org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change}. @orgcmd{C-c / t,org-show-todo-tree} @cindex sparse tree, for TODO @vindex org-todo-keywords View TODO items in a @emph{sparse tree} (@pxref{Sparse trees}). Folds the entire buffer, but shows all TODO items (with not-DONE state) and the headings hierarchy above them. With a prefix argument (or by using @kbd{C-c / T}), search for a specific TODO@. You will be prompted for the keyword, and you can also give a list of keywords like @code{KWD1|KWD2|...} to list entries that match any one of these keywords. With a numeric prefix argument N, show the tree for the Nth keyword in the option @code{org-todo-keywords}. With two prefix arguments, find all TODO states, both un-done and done. @orgcmd{C-c a t,org-todo-list} Show the global TODO list. Collects the TODO items (with not-DONE states) from all agenda files (@pxref{Agenda views}) into a single buffer. The new buffer will be in @code{agenda-mode}, which provides commands to examine and manipulate the TODO entries from the new buffer (@pxref{Agenda commands}). @xref{Global TODO list}, for more information. @orgcmd{S-M-@key{RET},org-insert-todo-heading} Insert a new TODO entry below the current one. @end table @noindent @vindex org-todo-state-tags-triggers Changing a TODO state can also trigger tag changes. See the docstring of the option @code{org-todo-state-tags-triggers} for details. @node TODO extensions @section Extended use of TODO keywords @cindex extended TODO keywords @vindex org-todo-keywords By default, marked TODO entries have one of only two states: TODO and DONE@. Org mode allows you to classify TODO items in more complex ways with @emph{TODO keywords} (stored in @code{org-todo-keywords}). With special setup, the TODO keyword system can work differently in different files. Note that @i{tags} are another way to classify headlines in general and TODO items in particular (@pxref{Tags}). @menu * Workflow states:: From TODO to DONE in steps * TODO types:: I do this, Fred does the rest * Multiple sets in one file:: Mixing it all, and still finding your way * Fast access to TODO states:: Single letter selection of a state * Per-file keywords:: Different files, different requirements * Faces for TODO keywords:: Highlighting states * TODO dependencies:: When one task needs to wait for others @end menu @node Workflow states @subsection TODO keywords as workflow states @cindex TODO workflow @cindex workflow states as TODO keywords You can use TODO keywords to indicate different @emph{sequential} states in the process of working on an item, for example@footnote{Changing this variable only becomes effective after restarting Org mode in a buffer.}: @lisp (setq org-todo-keywords '((sequence "TODO" "FEEDBACK" "VERIFY" "|" "DONE" "DELEGATED"))) @end lisp The vertical bar separates the TODO keywords (states that @emph{need action}) from the DONE states (which need @emph{no further action}). If you don't provide the separator bar, the last state is used as the DONE state. @cindex completion, of TODO keywords With this setup, the command @kbd{C-c C-t} will cycle an entry from TODO to FEEDBACK, then to VERIFY, and finally to DONE and DELEGATED@. You may also use a numeric prefix argument to quickly select a specific state. For example @kbd{C-3 C-c C-t} will change the state immediately to VERIFY@. Or you can use @kbd{S-@key{left}} to go backward through the sequence. If you define many keywords, you can use in-buffer completion (@pxref{Completion}) or even a special one-key selection scheme (@pxref{Fast access to TODO states}) to insert these words into the buffer. Changing a TODO state can be logged with a timestamp, see @ref{Tracking TODO state changes}, for more information. @node TODO types @subsection TODO keywords as types @cindex TODO types @cindex names as TODO keywords @cindex types as TODO keywords The second possibility is to use TODO keywords to indicate different @emph{types} of action items. For example, you might want to indicate that items are for work'' or home''. Or, when you work with several people on a single project, you might want to assign action items directly to persons, by using their names as TODO keywords. This would be set up like this: @lisp (setq org-todo-keywords '((type "Fred" "Sara" "Lucy" "|" "DONE"))) @end lisp In this case, different keywords do not indicate a sequence, but rather different types. So the normal work flow would be to assign a task to a person, and later to mark it DONE@. Org mode supports this style by adapting the workings of the command @kbd{C-c C-t}@footnote{This is also true for the @kbd{t} command in the agenda buffers.}. When used several times in succession, it will still cycle through all names, in order to first select the right type for a task. But when you return to the item after some time and execute @kbd{C-c C-t} again, it will switch from any name directly to DONE@. Use prefix arguments or completion to quickly select a specific name. You can also review the items of a specific TODO type in a sparse tree by using a numeric prefix to @kbd{C-c / t}. For example, to see all things Lucy has to do, you would use @kbd{C-3 C-c / t}. To collect Lucy's items from all agenda files into a single buffer, you would use the numeric prefix argument as well when creating the global TODO list: @kbd{C-3 C-c a t}. @node Multiple sets in one file @subsection Multiple keyword sets in one file @cindex TODO keyword sets Sometimes you may want to use different sets of TODO keywords in parallel. For example, you may want to have the basic @code{TODO}/@code{DONE}, but also a workflow for bug fixing, and a separate state indicating that an item has been canceled (so it is not DONE, but also does not require action). Your setup would then look like this: @lisp (setq org-todo-keywords '((sequence "TODO" "|" "DONE") (sequence "REPORT" "BUG" "KNOWNCAUSE" "|" "FIXED") (sequence "|" "CANCELED"))) @end lisp The keywords should all be different, this helps Org mode to keep track of which subsequence should be used for a given entry. In this setup, @kbd{C-c C-t} only operates within a subsequence, so it switches from @code{DONE} to (nothing) to @code{TODO}, and from @code{FIXED} to (nothing) to @code{REPORT}. Therefore you need a mechanism to initially select the correct sequence. Besides the obvious ways like typing a keyword or using completion, you may also apply the following commands: @table @kbd @kindex C-S-@key{right} @kindex C-S-@key{left} @kindex C-u C-u C-c C-t @item C-u C-u C-c C-t @itemx C-S-@key{right} @itemx C-S-@key{left} These keys jump from one TODO subset to the next. In the above example, @kbd{C-u C-u C-c C-t} or @kbd{C-S-@key{right}} would jump from @code{TODO} or @code{DONE} to @code{REPORT}, and any of the words in the second row to @code{CANCELED}. Note that the @kbd{C-S-} key binding conflict with @code{shift-selection-mode} (@pxref{Conflicts}). @kindex S-@key{right} @kindex S-@key{left} @item S-@key{right} @itemx S-@key{left} @kbd{S-@key{left}} and @kbd{S-@key{right}} and walk through @emph{all} keywords from all sets, so for example @kbd{S-@key{right}} would switch from @code{DONE} to @code{REPORT} in the example above. See also @ref{Conflicts}, for a discussion of the interaction with @code{shift-selection-mode}. @end table @node Fast access to TODO states @subsection Fast access to TODO states If you would like to quickly change an entry to an arbitrary TODO state instead of cycling through the states, you can set up keys for single-letter access to the states. This is done by adding the selection character after each keyword, in parentheses@footnote{All characters are allowed except @code{@@^!}, which have a special meaning here.}. For example: @lisp (setq org-todo-keywords '((sequence "TODO(t)" "|" "DONE(d)") (sequence "REPORT(r)" "BUG(b)" "KNOWNCAUSE(k)" "|" "FIXED(f)") (sequence "|" "CANCELED(c)"))) @end lisp @vindex org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo If you then press @kbd{C-c C-t} followed by the selection key, the entry will be switched to this state. @kbd{SPC} can be used to remove any TODO keyword from an entry.@footnote{Check also the option @code{org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo}, it allows you to change the TODO state through the tags interface (@pxref{Setting tags}), in case you like to mingle the two concepts. Note that this means you need to come up with unique keys across both sets of keywords.} @node Per-file keywords @subsection Setting up keywords for individual files @cindex keyword options @cindex per-file keywords @cindex #+TODO @cindex #+TYP_TODO @cindex #+SEQ_TODO It can be very useful to use different aspects of the TODO mechanism in different files. For file-local settings, you need to add special lines to the file which set the keywords and interpretation for that file only. For example, to set one of the two examples discussed above, you need one of the following lines anywhere in the file: @example #+TODO: TODO FEEDBACK VERIFY | DONE CANCELED @end example @noindent (you may also write @code{#+SEQ_TODO} to be explicit about the interpretation, but it means the same as @code{#+TODO}), or @example #+TYP_TODO: Fred Sara Lucy Mike | DONE @end example A setup for using several sets in parallel would be: @example #+TODO: TODO | DONE #+TODO: REPORT BUG KNOWNCAUSE | FIXED #+TODO: | CANCELED @end example @cindex completion, of option keywords @kindex M-@key{TAB} @noindent To make sure you are using the correct keyword, type @samp{#+} into the buffer and then use @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} completion. @cindex DONE, final TODO keyword Remember that the keywords after the vertical bar (or the last keyword if no bar is there) must always mean that the item is DONE (although you may use a different word). After changing one of these lines, use @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor still in the line to make the changes known to Org mode@footnote{Org mode parses these lines only when Org mode is activated after visiting a file. @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor in a line starting with @samp{#+} is simply restarting Org mode for the current buffer.}. @node Faces for TODO keywords @subsection Faces for TODO keywords @cindex faces, for TODO keywords @vindex org-todo @r{(face)} @vindex org-done @r{(face)} @vindex org-todo-keyword-faces Org mode highlights TODO keywords with special faces: @code{org-todo} for keywords indicating that an item still has to be acted upon, and @code{org-done} for keywords indicating that an item is finished. If you are using more than 2 different states, you might want to use special faces for some of them. This can be done using the option @code{org-todo-keyword-faces}. For example: @lisp @group (setq org-todo-keyword-faces '(("TODO" . org-warning) ("STARTED" . "yellow") ("CANCELED" . (:foreground "blue" :weight bold)))) @end group @end lisp While using a list with face properties as shown for CANCELED @emph{should} work, this does not always seem to be the case. If necessary, define a special face and use that. A string is interpreted as a color. The option @code{org-faces-easy-properties} determines if that color is interpreted as a foreground or a background color. @node TODO dependencies @subsection TODO dependencies @cindex TODO dependencies @cindex dependencies, of TODO states @cindex TODO dependencies, NOBLOCKING @vindex org-enforce-todo-dependencies @cindex property, ORDERED The structure of Org files (hierarchy and lists) makes it easy to define TODO dependencies. Usually, a parent TODO task should not be marked DONE until all subtasks (defined as children tasks) are marked as DONE@. And sometimes there is a logical sequence to a number of (sub)tasks, so that one task cannot be acted upon before all siblings above it are done. If you customize the option @code{org-enforce-todo-dependencies}, Org will block entries from changing state to DONE while they have children that are not DONE@. Furthermore, if an entry has a property @code{ORDERED}, each of its children will be blocked until all earlier siblings are marked DONE@. Here is an example: @example * TODO Blocked until (two) is done ** DONE one ** TODO two * Parent :PROPERTIES: :ORDERED: t :END: ** TODO a ** TODO b, needs to wait for (a) ** TODO c, needs to wait for (a) and (b) @end example You can ensure an entry is never blocked by using the @code{NOBLOCKING} property: @example * This entry is never blocked :PROPERTIES: :NOBLOCKING: t :END: @end example @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x o,org-toggle-ordered-property} @vindex org-track-ordered-property-with-tag @cindex property, ORDERED Toggle the @code{ORDERED} property of the current entry. A property is used for this behavior because this should be local to the current entry, not inherited like a tag. However, if you would like to @i{track} the value of this property with a tag for better visibility, customize the option @code{org-track-ordered-property-with-tag}. @orgkey{C-u C-u C-u C-c C-t} Change TODO state, circumventing any state blocking. @end table @vindex org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks If you set the option @code{org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks}, TODO entries that cannot be closed because of such dependencies will be shown in a dimmed font or even made invisible in agenda views (@pxref{Agenda views}). @cindex checkboxes and TODO dependencies @vindex org-enforce-todo-dependencies You can also block changes of TODO states by looking at checkboxes (@pxref{Checkboxes}). If you set the option @code{org-enforce-todo-checkbox-dependencies}, an entry that has unchecked checkboxes will be blocked from switching to DONE. If you need more complex dependency structures, for example dependencies between entries in different trees or files, check out the contributed module @file{org-depend.el}. @page @node Progress logging @section Progress logging @cindex progress logging @cindex logging, of progress Org mode can automatically record a timestamp and possibly a note when you mark a TODO item as DONE, or even each time you change the state of a TODO item. This system is highly configurable; settings can be on a per-keyword basis and can be localized to a file or even a subtree. For information on how to clock working time for a task, see @ref{Clocking work time}. @menu * Closing items:: When was this entry marked DONE? * Tracking TODO state changes:: When did the status change? * Tracking your habits:: How consistent have you been? @end menu @node Closing items @subsection Closing items The most basic logging is to keep track of @emph{when} a certain TODO item was finished. This is achieved with@footnote{The corresponding in-buffer setting is: @code{#+STARTUP: logdone}} @lisp (setq org-log-done 'time) @end lisp @vindex org-closed-keep-when-no-todo @noindent Then each time you turn an entry from a TODO (not-done) state into any of the DONE states, a line @samp{CLOSED: [timestamp]} will be inserted just after the headline. If you turn the entry back into a TODO item through further state cycling, that line will be removed again. If you turn the entry back to a non-TODO state (by pressing @key{C-c C-t SPC} for example), that line will also be removed, unless you set @code{org-closed-keep-when-no-todo} to non-@code{nil}. If you want to record a note along with the timestamp, use@footnote{The corresponding in-buffer setting is: @code{#+STARTUP: lognotedone}.} @lisp (setq org-log-done 'note) @end lisp @noindent You will then be prompted for a note, and that note will be stored below the entry with a @samp{Closing Note} heading. @node Tracking TODO state changes @subsection Tracking TODO state changes @cindex drawer, for state change recording @vindex org-log-states-order-reversed @vindex org-log-into-drawer @cindex property, LOG_INTO_DRAWER When TODO keywords are used as workflow states (@pxref{Workflow states}), you might want to keep track of when a state change occurred and maybe take a note about this change. You can either record just a timestamp, or a time-stamped note for a change. These records will be inserted after the headline as an itemized list, newest first@footnote{See the option @code{org-log-states-order-reversed}}. When taking a lot of notes, you might want to get the notes out of the way into a drawer (@pxref{Drawers}). Customize @code{org-log-into-drawer} to get this behavior---the recommended drawer for this is called @code{LOGBOOK}@footnote{Note that the @code{LOGBOOK} drawer is unfolded when pressing @key{SPC} in the agenda to show an entry---use @key{C-u SPC} to keep it folded here}. You can also overrule the setting of this variable for a subtree by setting a @code{LOG_INTO_DRAWER} property. Since it is normally too much to record a note for every state, Org mode expects configuration on a per-keyword basis for this. This is achieved by adding special markers @samp{!} (for a timestamp) or @samp{@@} (for a note with timestamp) in parentheses after each keyword. For example, with the setting @lisp (setq org-todo-keywords '((sequence "TODO(t)" "WAIT(w@@/!)" "|" "DONE(d!)" "CANCELED(c@@)"))) @end lisp To record a timestamp without a note for TODO keywords configured with @samp{@@}, just type @kbd{C-c C-c} to enter a blank note when prompted. @noindent @vindex org-log-done You not only define global TODO keywords and fast access keys, but also request that a time is recorded when the entry is set to DONE@footnote{It is possible that Org mode will record two timestamps when you are using both @code{org-log-done} and state change logging. However, it will never prompt for two notes---if you have configured both, the state change recording note will take precedence and cancel the @samp{Closing Note}.}, and that a note is recorded when switching to WAIT or CANCELED@. The setting for WAIT is even more special: the @samp{!} after the slash means that in addition to the note taken when entering the state, a timestamp should be recorded when @i{leaving} the WAIT state, if and only if the @i{target} state does not configure logging for entering it. So it has no effect when switching from WAIT to DONE, because DONE is configured to record a timestamp only. But when switching from WAIT back to TODO, the @samp{/!} in the WAIT setting now triggers a timestamp even though TODO has no logging configured. You can use the exact same syntax for setting logging preferences local to a buffer: @example #+TODO: TODO(t) WAIT(w@@/!) | DONE(d!) CANCELED(c@@) @end example @cindex property, LOGGING In order to define logging settings that are local to a subtree or a single item, define a LOGGING property in this entry. Any non-empty LOGGING property resets all logging settings to @code{nil}. You may then turn on logging for this specific tree using STARTUP keywords like @code{lognotedone} or @code{logrepeat}, as well as adding state specific settings like @code{TODO(!)}. For example @example * TODO Log each state with only a time :PROPERTIES: :LOGGING: TODO(!) WAIT(!) DONE(!) CANCELED(!) :END: * TODO Only log when switching to WAIT, and when repeating :PROPERTIES: :LOGGING: WAIT(@@) logrepeat :END: * TODO No logging at all :PROPERTIES: :LOGGING: nil :END: @end example @node Tracking your habits @subsection Tracking your habits @cindex habits Org has the ability to track the consistency of a special category of TODOs, called habits''. A habit has the following properties: @enumerate @item You have enabled the @code{habits} module by customizing @code{org-modules}. @item The habit is a TODO item, with a TODO keyword representing an open state. @item The property @code{STYLE} is set to the value @code{habit}. @item The TODO has a scheduled date, usually with a @code{.+} style repeat interval. A @code{++} style may be appropriate for habits with time constraints, e.g., must be done on weekends, or a @code{+} style for an unusual habit that can have a backlog, e.g., weekly reports. @item The TODO may also have minimum and maximum ranges specified by using the syntax @samp{.+2d/3d}, which says that you want to do the task at least every three days, but at most every two days. @item You must also have state logging for the @code{DONE} state enabled (@pxref{Tracking TODO state changes}), in order for historical data to be represented in the consistency graph. If it is not enabled it is not an error, but the consistency graphs will be largely meaningless. @end enumerate To give you an idea of what the above rules look like in action, here's an actual habit with some history: @example ** TODO Shave SCHEDULED: <2009-10-17 Sat .+2d/4d> :PROPERTIES: :STYLE: habit :LAST_REPEAT: [2009-10-19 Mon 00:36] :END: - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-15 Thu] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-12 Mon] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-10 Sat] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-04 Sun] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-02 Fri] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-29 Tue] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-25 Fri] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-19 Sat] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-16 Wed] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-12 Sat] @end example What this habit says is: I want to shave at most every 2 days (given by the @code{SCHEDULED} date and repeat interval) and at least every 4 days. If today is the 15th, then the habit first appears in the agenda on Oct 17, after the minimum of 2 days has elapsed, and will appear overdue on Oct 19, after four days have elapsed. What's really useful about habits is that they are displayed along with a consistency graph, to show how consistent you've been at getting that task done in the past. This graph shows every day that the task was done over the past three weeks, with colors for each day. The colors used are: @table @code @item Blue If the task wasn't to be done yet on that day. @item Green If the task could have been done on that day. @item Yellow If the task was going to be overdue the next day. @item Red If the task was overdue on that day. @end table In addition to coloring each day, the day is also marked with an asterisk if the task was actually done that day, and an exclamation mark to show where the current day falls in the graph. There are several configuration variables that can be used to change the way habits are displayed in the agenda. @table @code @item org-habit-graph-column The buffer column at which the consistency graph should be drawn. This will overwrite any text in that column, so it is a good idea to keep your habits' titles brief and to the point. @item org-habit-preceding-days The amount of history, in days before today, to appear in consistency graphs. @item org-habit-following-days The number of days after today that will appear in consistency graphs. @item org-habit-show-habits-only-for-today If non-@code{nil}, only show habits in today's agenda view. This is set to true by default. @end table Lastly, pressing @kbd{K} in the agenda buffer will cause habits to temporarily be disabled and they won't appear at all. Press @kbd{K} again to bring them back. They are also subject to tag filtering, if you have habits which should only be done in certain contexts, for example. @node Priorities @section Priorities @cindex priorities If you use Org mode extensively, you may end up with enough TODO items that it starts to make sense to prioritize them. Prioritizing can be done by placing a @emph{priority cookie} into the headline of a TODO item, like this @example *** TODO [#A] Write letter to Sam Fortune @end example @noindent @vindex org-priority-faces By default, Org mode supports three priorities: @samp{A}, @samp{B}, and @samp{C}. @samp{A} is the highest priority. An entry without a cookie is treated just like priority @samp{B}. Priorities make a difference only for sorting in the agenda (@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}); outside the agenda, they have no inherent meaning to Org mode. The cookies can be highlighted with special faces by customizing @code{org-priority-faces}. Priorities can be attached to any outline node; they do not need to be TODO items. @table @kbd @item @kbd{C-c ,} @kindex @kbd{C-c ,} @findex org-priority Set the priority of the current headline (@command{org-priority}). The command prompts for a priority character @samp{A}, @samp{B} or @samp{C}. When you press @key{SPC} instead, the priority cookie is removed from the headline. The priorities can also be changed remotely'' from the agenda buffer with the @kbd{,} command (@pxref{Agenda commands}). @c @orgcmdkkcc{S-@key{up},S-@key{down},org-priority-up,org-priority-down} @vindex org-priority-start-cycle-with-default Increase/decrease priority of current headline@footnote{See also the option @code{org-priority-start-cycle-with-default}.}. Note that these keys are also used to modify timestamps (@pxref{Creating timestamps}). See also @ref{Conflicts}, for a discussion of the interaction with @code{shift-selection-mode}. @end table @vindex org-highest-priority @vindex org-lowest-priority @vindex org-default-priority You can change the range of allowed priorities by setting the options @code{org-highest-priority}, @code{org-lowest-priority}, and @code{org-default-priority}. For an individual buffer, you may set these values (highest, lowest, default) like this (please make sure that the highest priority is earlier in the alphabet than the lowest priority): @cindex #+PRIORITIES @example #+PRIORITIES: A C B @end example @node Breaking down tasks @section Breaking tasks down into subtasks @cindex tasks, breaking down @cindex statistics, for TODO items @vindex org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels It is often advisable to break down large tasks into smaller, manageable subtasks. You can do this by creating an outline tree below a TODO item, with detailed subtasks on the tree@footnote{To keep subtasks out of the global TODO list, see the @code{org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels}.}. To keep the overview over the fraction of subtasks that are already completed, insert either @samp{[/]} or @samp{[%]} anywhere in the headline. These cookies will be updated each time the TODO status of a child changes, or when pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} on the cookie. For example: @example * Organize Party [33%] ** TODO Call people [1/2] *** TODO Peter *** DONE Sarah ** TODO Buy food ** DONE Talk to neighbor @end example @cindex property, COOKIE_DATA If a heading has both checkboxes and TODO children below it, the meaning of the statistics cookie become ambiguous. Set the property @code{COOKIE_DATA} to either @samp{checkbox} or @samp{todo} to resolve this issue. @vindex org-hierarchical-todo-statistics If you would like to have the statistics cookie count any TODO entries in the subtree (not just direct children), configure @code{org-hierarchical-todo-statistics}. To do this for a single subtree, include the word @samp{recursive} into the value of the @code{COOKIE_DATA} property. @example * Parent capturing statistics [2/20] :PROPERTIES: :COOKIE_DATA: todo recursive :END: @end example If you would like a TODO entry to automatically change to DONE when all children are done, you can use the following setup: @example (defun org-summary-todo (n-done n-not-done) "Switch entry to DONE when all subentries are done, to TODO otherwise." (let (org-log-done org-log-states) ; turn off logging (org-todo (if (= n-not-done 0) "DONE" "TODO")))) (add-hook 'org-after-todo-statistics-hook 'org-summary-todo) @end example Another possibility is the use of checkboxes to identify (a hierarchy of) a large number of subtasks (@pxref{Checkboxes}). @node Checkboxes @section Checkboxes @cindex checkboxes @vindex org-list-automatic-rules Every item in a plain list@footnote{With the exception of description lists. But you can allow it by modifying @code{org-list-automatic-rules} accordingly.} (@pxref{Plain lists}) can be made into a checkbox by starting it with the string @samp{[ ]}. This feature is similar to TODO items (@pxref{TODO items}), but is more lightweight. Checkboxes are not included in the global TODO list, so they are often great to split a task into a number of simple steps. Or you can use them in a shopping list. To toggle a checkbox, use @kbd{C-c C-c}, or use the mouse (thanks to Piotr Zielinski's @file{org-mouse.el}). Here is an example of a checkbox list. @example * TODO Organize party [2/4] - [-] call people [1/3] - [ ] Peter - [X] Sarah - [ ] Sam - [X] order food - [ ] think about what music to play - [X] talk to the neighbors @end example Checkboxes work hierarchically, so if a checkbox item has children that are checkboxes, toggling one of the children checkboxes will make the parent checkbox reflect if none, some, or all of the children are checked. @cindex statistics, for checkboxes @cindex checkbox statistics @cindex property, COOKIE_DATA @vindex org-checkbox-hierarchical-statistics The @samp{[2/4]} and @samp{[1/3]} in the first and second line are cookies indicating how many checkboxes present in this entry have been checked off, and the total number of checkboxes present. This can give you an idea on how many checkboxes remain, even without opening a folded entry. The cookies can be placed into a headline or into (the first line of) a plain list item. Each cookie covers checkboxes of direct children structurally below the headline/item on which the cookie appears@footnote{Set the option @code{org-checkbox-hierarchical-statistics} if you want such cookies to count all checkboxes below the cookie, not just those belonging to direct children.}. You have to insert the cookie yourself by typing either @samp{[/]} or @samp{[%]}. With @samp{[/]} you get an @samp{n out of m} result, as in the examples above. With @samp{[%]} you get information about the percentage of checkboxes checked (in the above example, this would be @samp{[50%]} and @samp{[33%]}, respectively). In a headline, a cookie can count either checkboxes below the heading or TODO states of children, and it will display whatever was changed last. Set the property @code{COOKIE_DATA} to either @samp{checkbox} or @samp{todo} to resolve this issue. @cindex blocking, of checkboxes @cindex checkbox blocking @cindex property, ORDERED If the current outline node has an @code{ORDERED} property, checkboxes must be checked off in sequence, and an error will be thrown if you try to check off a box while there are unchecked boxes above it. @noindent The following commands work with checkboxes: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-c,org-toggle-checkbox} Toggle checkbox status or (with prefix arg) checkbox presence at point. With a single prefix argument, add an empty checkbox or remove the current one@footnote{@kbd{C-u C-c C-c} before the @emph{first} bullet in a list with no checkbox will add checkboxes to the rest of the list.}. With a double prefix argument, set it to @samp{[-]}, which is considered to be an intermediate state. @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-b,org-toggle-checkbox} Toggle checkbox status or (with prefix arg) checkbox presence at point. With double prefix argument, set it to @samp{[-]}, which is considered to be an intermediate state. @itemize @minus @item If there is an active region, toggle the first checkbox in the region and set all remaining boxes to the same status as the first. With a prefix arg, add or remove the checkbox for all items in the region. @item If the cursor is in a headline, toggle the state of the first checkbox in the region between this headline and the next---so @emph{not} the entire subtree---and propagate this new state to all other checkboxes in the same area. @item If there is no active region, just toggle the checkbox at point. @end itemize @orgcmd{M-S-@key{RET},org-insert-todo-heading} Insert a new item with a checkbox. This works only if the cursor is already in a plain list item (@pxref{Plain lists}). @orgcmd{C-c C-x o,org-toggle-ordered-property} @vindex org-track-ordered-property-with-tag @cindex property, ORDERED Toggle the @code{ORDERED} property of the entry, to toggle if checkboxes must be checked off in sequence. A property is used for this behavior because this should be local to the current entry, not inherited like a tag. However, if you would like to @i{track} the value of this property with a tag for better visibility, customize @code{org-track-ordered-property-with-tag}. @orgcmd{C-c #,org-update-statistics-cookies} Update the statistics cookie in the current outline entry. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, update the entire file. Checkbox statistic cookies are updated automatically if you toggle checkboxes with @kbd{C-c C-c} and make new ones with @kbd{M-S-@key{RET}}. TODO statistics cookies update when changing TODO states. If you delete boxes/entries or add/change them by hand, use this command to get things back into sync. @end table @node Tags @chapter Tags @cindex tags @cindex headline tagging @cindex matching, tags @cindex sparse tree, tag based An excellent way to implement labels and contexts for cross-correlating information is to assign @i{tags} to headlines. Org mode has extensive support for tags. @vindex org-tag-faces Every headline can contain a list of tags; they occur at the end of the headline. Tags are normal words containing letters, numbers, @samp{_}, and @samp{@@}. Tags must be preceded and followed by a single colon, e.g., @samp{:work:}. Several tags can be specified, as in @samp{:work:urgent:}. Tags will by default be in bold face with the same color as the headline. You may specify special faces for specific tags using the option @code{org-tag-faces}, in much the same way as you can for TODO keywords (@pxref{Faces for TODO keywords}). @menu * Tag inheritance:: Tags use the tree structure of the outline * Setting tags:: How to assign tags to a headline * Tag hierarchy:: Create a hierarchy of tags * Tag searches:: Searching for combinations of tags @end menu @node Tag inheritance @section Tag inheritance @cindex tag inheritance @cindex inheritance, of tags @cindex sublevels, inclusion into tags match @i{Tags} make use of the hierarchical structure of outline trees. If a heading has a certain tag, all subheadings will inherit the tag as well. For example, in the list @example * Meeting with the French group :work: ** Summary by Frank :boss:notes: *** TODO Prepare slides for him :action: @end example @noindent the final heading will have the tags @samp{:work:}, @samp{:boss:}, @samp{:notes:}, and @samp{:action:} even though the final heading is not explicitly marked with all those tags. You can also set tags that all entries in a file should inherit just as if these tags were defined in a hypothetical level zero that surrounds the entire file. Use a line like this@footnote{As with all these in-buffer settings, pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} activates any changes in the line.}: @cindex #+FILETAGS @example #+FILETAGS: :Peter:Boss:Secret: @end example @noindent @vindex org-use-tag-inheritance @vindex org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance To limit tag inheritance to specific tags, use @code{org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance}. To turn it off entirely, use @code{org-use-tag-inheritance}. @vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels When a headline matches during a tags search while tag inheritance is turned on, all the sublevels in the same tree will (for a simple match form) match as well@footnote{This is only true if the search does not involve more complex tests including properties (@pxref{Property searches}).}. The list of matches may then become very long. If you only want to see the first tags match in a subtree, configure @code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels} (not recommended). @vindex org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance Tag inheritance is relevant when the agenda search tries to match a tag, either in the @code{tags} or @code{tags-todo} agenda types. In other agenda types, @code{org-use-tag-inheritance} has no effect. Still, you may want to have your tags correctly set in the agenda, so that tag filtering works fine, with inherited tags. Set @code{org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance} to control this: the default value includes all agenda types, but setting this to @code{nil} can really speed up agenda generation. @node Setting tags @section Setting tags @cindex setting tags @cindex tags, setting @kindex M-@key{TAB} Tags can simply be typed into the buffer at the end of a headline. After a colon, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} offers completion on tags. There is also a special command for inserting tags: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-q,org-set-tags-command} @cindex completion, of tags @vindex org-tags-column Enter new tags for the current headline. Org mode will either offer completion or a special single-key interface for setting tags, see below. After pressing @key{RET}, the tags will be inserted and aligned to @code{org-tags-column}. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, all tags in the current buffer will be aligned to that column, just to make things look nice. TAGS are automatically realigned after promotion, demotion, and TODO state changes (@pxref{TODO basics}). @orgcmd{C-c C-c,org-set-tags-command} When the cursor is in a headline, this does the same as @kbd{C-c C-q}. @end table @vindex org-tag-alist Org supports tag insertion based on a @emph{list of tags}. By default this list is constructed dynamically, containing all tags currently used in the buffer. You may also globally specify a hard list of tags with the variable @code{org-tag-alist}. Finally you can set the default tags for a given file with lines like @cindex #+TAGS @example #+TAGS: @@work @@home @@tennisclub #+TAGS: laptop car pc sailboat @end example If you have globally defined your preferred set of tags using the variable @code{org-tag-alist}, but would like to use a dynamic tag list in a specific file, add an empty TAGS option line to that file: @example #+TAGS: @end example @vindex org-tag-persistent-alist If you have a preferred set of tags that you would like to use in every file, in addition to those defined on a per-file basis by TAGS option lines, then you may specify a list of tags with the variable @code{org-tag-persistent-alist}. You may turn this off on a per-file basis by adding a STARTUP option line to that file: @example #+STARTUP: noptag @end example By default Org mode uses the standard minibuffer completion facilities for entering tags. However, it also implements another, quicker, tag selection method called @emph{fast tag selection}. This allows you to select and deselect tags with just a single key press. For this to work well you should assign unique, case-sensitive, letters to most of your commonly used tags. You can do this globally by configuring the variable @code{org-tag-alist} in your Emacs init file. For example, you may find the need to tag many items in different files with @samp{:@@home:}. In this case you can set something like: @lisp (setq org-tag-alist '(("@@work" . ?w) ("@@home" . ?h) ("laptop" . ?l))) @end lisp @noindent If the tag is only relevant to the file you are working on, then you can instead set the TAGS option line as: @example #+TAGS: @@work(w) @@home(h) @@tennisclub(t) laptop(l) pc(p) @end example @noindent The tags interface will show the available tags in a splash window. If you want to start a new line after a specific tag, insert @samp{\n} into the tag list @example #+TAGS: @@work(w) @@home(h) @@tennisclub(t) \n laptop(l) pc(p) @end example @noindent or write them in two lines: @example #+TAGS: @@work(w) @@home(h) @@tennisclub(t) #+TAGS: laptop(l) pc(p) @end example @noindent You can also group together tags that are mutually exclusive by using braces, as in: @example #+TAGS: @{ @@work(w) @@home(h) @@tennisclub(t) @} laptop(l) pc(p) @end example @noindent you indicate that at most one of @samp{@@work}, @samp{@@home}, and @samp{@@tennisclub} should be selected. Multiple such groups are allowed. @noindent Don't forget to press @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor in one of these lines to activate any changes. @noindent To set these mutually exclusive groups in the variable @code{org-tag-alist}, you must use the dummy tags @code{:startgroup} and @code{:endgroup} instead of the braces. Similarly, you can use @code{:newline} to indicate a line break. The previous example would be set globally by the following configuration: @lisp (setq org-tag-alist '((:startgroup . nil) ("@@work" . ?w) ("@@home" . ?h) ("@@tennisclub" . ?t) (:endgroup . nil) ("laptop" . ?l) ("pc" . ?p))) @end lisp If at least one tag has a selection key then pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} will automatically present you with a special interface, listing inherited tags, the tags of the current headline, and a list of all valid tags with corresponding keys@footnote{Keys will automatically be assigned to tags which have no configured keys.}. Pressing keys assigned to tags will add or remove them from the list of tags in the current line. Selecting a tag in a group of mutually exclusive tags will turn off any other tags from that group. In this interface, you can also use the following special keys: @table @kbd @kindex @key{TAB} @item @key{TAB} Enter a tag in the minibuffer, even if the tag is not in the predefined list. You will be able to complete on all tags present in the buffer. You can also add several tags: just separate them with a comma. @kindex @key{SPC} @item @key{SPC} Clear all tags for this line. @kindex @key{RET} @item @key{RET} Accept the modified set. @item C-g Abort without installing changes. @item q If @kbd{q} is not assigned to a tag, it aborts like @kbd{C-g}. @item ! Turn off groups of mutually exclusive tags. Use this to (as an exception) assign several tags from such a group. @item C-c Toggle auto-exit after the next change (see below). If you are using expert mode, the first @kbd{C-c} will display the selection window. @end table @noindent This method lets you assign tags to a headline with very few keys. With the above setup, you could clear the current tags and set @samp{@@home}, @samp{laptop} and @samp{pc} tags with just the following keys: @kbd{C-c C-c @key{SPC} h l p @key{RET}}. Switching from @samp{@@home} to @samp{@@work} would be done with @kbd{C-c C-c w @key{RET}} or alternatively with @kbd{C-c C-c C-c w}. Adding the non-predefined tag @samp{Sarah} could be done with @kbd{C-c C-c @key{TAB} S a r a h @key{RET} @key{RET}}. @vindex org-fast-tag-selection-single-key If you find that most of the time you need only a single key press to modify your list of tags, set @code{org-fast-tag-selection-single-key}. Then you no longer have to press @key{RET} to exit fast tag selection---it will immediately exit after the first change. If you then occasionally need more keys, press @kbd{C-c} to turn off auto-exit for the current tag selection process (in effect: start selection with @kbd{C-c C-c C-c} instead of @kbd{C-c C-c}). If you set the variable to the value @code{expert}, the special window is not even shown for single-key tag selection, it comes up only when you press an extra @kbd{C-c}. @node Tag hierarchy @section Tag hierarchy @cindex group tags @cindex tags, groups @cindex tag hierarchy Tags can be defined in hierarchies. A tag can be defined as a @emph{group tag} for a set of other tags. The group tag can be seen as the broader term'' for its set of tags. Defining multiple @emph{group tags} and nesting them creates a tag hierarchy. One use-case is to create a taxonomy of terms (tags) that can be used to classify nodes in a document or set of documents. When you search for a group tag, it will return matches for all members in the group and its subgroups. In an agenda view, filtering by a group tag will display or hide headlines tagged with at least one of the members of the group or any of its subgroups. This makes tag searches and filters even more flexible. You can set group tags by using brackets and inserting a colon between the group tag and its related tags---beware that all whitespaces are mandatory so that Org can parse this line correctly: @example #+TAGS: [ GTD : Control Persp ] @end example In this example, @samp{GTD} is the @emph{group tag} and it is related to two other tags: @samp{Control}, @samp{Persp}. Defining @samp{Control} and @samp{Persp} as group tags creates an hierarchy of tags: @example #+TAGS: [ Control : Context Task ] #+TAGS: [ Persp : Vision Goal AOF Project ] @end example That can conceptually be seen as a hierarchy of tags: @example - GTD - Persp - Vision - Goal - AOF - Project - Control - Context - Task @end example You can use the @code{:startgrouptag}, @code{:grouptags} and @code{:endgrouptag} keyword directly when setting @code{org-tag-alist} directly: @lisp (setq org-tag-alist '((:startgrouptag) ("GTD") (:grouptags) ("Control") ("Persp") (:endgrouptag) (:startgrouptag) ("Control") (:grouptags) ("Context") ("Task") (:endgrouptag))) @end lisp The tags in a group can be mutually exclusive if using the same group syntax as is used for grouping mutually exclusive tags together; using curly brackets. @example #+TAGS: @{ Context : @@Home @@Work @@Call @} @end example When setting @code{org-tag-alist} you can use @code{:startgroup} & @code{:endgroup} instead of @code{:startgrouptag} & @code{:endgrouptag} to make the tags mutually exclusive. Furthermore, the members of a @emph{group tag} can also be regular expressions, creating the possibility of a more dynamic and rule-based tag structure. The regular expressions in the group must be specified within @{ @}. Here is an expanded example: @example #+TAGS: [ Vision : @{V@@@.+@} ] #+TAGS: [ Goal : @{G@@@.+@} ] #+TAGS: [ AOF : @{AOF@@@.+@} ] #+TAGS: [ Project : @{P@@@.+@} ] @end example Searching for the tag @samp{Project} will now list all tags also including regular expression matches for @samp{P@@@.+}, and similarly for tag searches on @samp{Vision}, @samp{Goal} and @samp{AOF}. For example, this would work well for a project tagged with a common project-identifier, e.g. @samp{P@@2014_OrgTags}. @kindex C-c C-x q @vindex org-group-tags If you want to ignore group tags temporarily, toggle group tags support with @command{org-toggle-tags-groups}, bound to @kbd{C-c C-x q}. If you want to disable tag groups completely, set @code{org-group-tags} to @code{nil}. @node Tag searches @section Tag searches @cindex tag searches @cindex searching for tags Once a system of tags has been set up, it can be used to collect related information into special lists. @table @kbd @orgcmdkkc{C-c / m,C-c \\,org-match-sparse-tree} Create a sparse tree with all headlines matching a tags/property/TODO search. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not a TODO line. @xref{Matching tags and properties}. @orgcmd{C-c a m,org-tags-view} Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files. @xref{Matching tags and properties}. @orgcmd{C-c a M,org-tags-view} @vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check only TODO items and force checking subitems (see the option @code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels}). @end table These commands all prompt for a match string which allows basic Boolean logic like @samp{+boss+urgent-project1}, to find entries with tags @samp{boss} and @samp{urgent}, but not @samp{project1}, or @samp{Kathy|Sally} to find entries tagged as @samp{Kathy} or @samp{Sally}. The full syntax of the search string is rich and allows also matching against TODO keywords, entry levels and properties. For a complete description with many examples, see @ref{Matching tags and properties}. @node Properties and columns @chapter Properties and columns @cindex properties A property is a key-value pair associated with an entry. Properties can be set so they are associated with a single entry, with every entry in a tree, or with every entry in an Org mode file. There are two main applications for properties in Org mode. First, properties are like tags, but with a value. Imagine maintaining a file where you document bugs and plan releases for a piece of software. Instead of using tags like @code{:release_1:}, @code{:release_2:}, you can use a property, say @code{:Release:}, that in different subtrees has different values, such as @code{1.0} or @code{2.0}. Second, you can use properties to implement (very basic) database capabilities in an Org buffer. Imagine keeping track of your music CDs, where properties could be things such as the album, artist, date of release, number of tracks, and so on. Properties can be conveniently edited and viewed in column view (@pxref{Column view}). @menu * Property syntax:: How properties are spelled out * Special properties:: Access to other Org mode features * Property searches:: Matching property values * Property inheritance:: Passing values down the tree * Column view:: Tabular viewing and editing * Property API:: Properties for Lisp programmers @end menu @node Property syntax @section Property syntax @cindex property syntax @cindex drawer, for properties Properties are key-value pairs. When they are associated with a single entry or with a tree they need to be inserted into a special drawer (@pxref{Drawers}) with the name @code{PROPERTIES}, which has to be located right below a headline, and its planning line (@pxref{Deadlines and scheduling}) when applicable. Each property is specified on a single line, with the key (surrounded by colons) first, and the value after it. Keys are case-insensitive. Here is an example: @example * CD collection ** Classic *** Goldberg Variations :PROPERTIES: :Title: Goldberg Variations :Composer: J.S. Bach :Artist: Glen Gould :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon :NDisks: 1 :END: @end example Depending on the value of @code{org-use-property-inheritance}, a property set this way will either be associated with a single entry, or the subtree defined by the entry, see @ref{Property inheritance}. You may define the allowed values for a particular property @samp{:Xyz:} by setting a property @samp{:Xyz_ALL:}. This special property is @emph{inherited}, so if you set it in a level 1 entry, it will apply to the entire tree. When allowed values are defined, setting the corresponding property becomes easier and is less prone to typing errors. For the example with the CD collection, we can predefine publishers and the number of disks in a box like this: @example * CD collection :PROPERTIES: :NDisks_ALL: 1 2 3 4 :Publisher_ALL: "Deutsche Grammophon" Philips EMI :END: @end example If you want to set properties that can be inherited by any entry in a file, use a line like @cindex property, _ALL @cindex #+PROPERTY @example #+PROPERTY: NDisks_ALL 1 2 3 4 @end example Contrary to properties set from a special drawer, you have to refresh the buffer with @kbd{C-c C-c} to activate this change. If you want to add to the value of an existing property, append a @code{+} to the property name. The following results in the property @code{var} having the value foo=1 bar=2''. @cindex property, + @example #+PROPERTY: var foo=1 #+PROPERTY: var+ bar=2 @end example It is also possible to add to the values of inherited properties. The following results in the @code{genres} property having the value Classic Baroque'' under the @code{Goldberg Variations} subtree. @cindex property, + @example * CD collection ** Classic :PROPERTIES: :GENRES: Classic :END: *** Goldberg Variations :PROPERTIES: :Title: Goldberg Variations :Composer: J.S. Bach :Artist: Glen Gould :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon :NDisks: 1 :GENRES+: Baroque :END: @end example Note that a property can only have one entry per Drawer. @vindex org-global-properties Property values set with the global variable @code{org-global-properties} can be inherited by all entries in all Org files. @noindent The following commands help to work with properties: @table @kbd @orgcmd{M-@key{TAB},pcomplete} After an initial colon in a line, complete property keys. All keys used in the current file will be offered as possible completions. @orgcmd{C-c C-x p,org-set-property} Set a property. This prompts for a property name and a value. If necessary, the property drawer is created as well. @item C-u M-x org-insert-drawer RET @cindex org-insert-drawer Insert a property drawer into the current entry. The drawer will be inserted early in the entry, but after the lines with planning information like deadlines. @orgcmd{C-c C-c,org-property-action} With the cursor in a property drawer, this executes property commands. @orgcmd{C-c C-c s,org-set-property} Set a property in the current entry. Both the property and the value can be inserted using completion. @orgcmdkkcc{S-@key{right},S-@key{left},org-property-next-allowed-value,org-property-previous-allowed-value} Switch property at point to the next/previous allowed value. @orgcmd{C-c C-c d,org-delete-property} Remove a property from the current entry. @orgcmd{C-c C-c D,org-delete-property-globally} Globally remove a property, from all entries in the current file. @orgcmd{C-c C-c c,org-compute-property-at-point} Compute the property at point, using the operator and scope from the nearest column format definition. @end table @node Special properties @section Special properties @cindex properties, special Special properties provide an alternative access method to Org mode features, like the TODO state or the priority of an entry, discussed in the previous chapters. This interface exists so that you can include these states in a column view (@pxref{Column view}), or to use them in queries. The following property names are special and should not be used as keys in the properties drawer: @cindex property, special, ALLTAGS @cindex property, special, BLOCKED @cindex property, special, CLOCKSUM @cindex property, special, CLOCKSUM_T @cindex property, special, CLOSED @cindex property, special, DEADLINE @cindex property, special, FILE @cindex property, special, ITEM @cindex property, special, PRIORITY @cindex property, special, SCHEDULED @cindex property, special, TAGS @cindex property, special, TIMESTAMP @cindex property, special, TIMESTAMP_IA @cindex property, special, TODO @example ALLTAGS @r{All tags, including inherited ones.} BLOCKED @r{"t" if task is currently blocked by children or siblings.} CLOCKSUM @r{The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree. @code{org-clock-sum}} @r{must be run first to compute the values in the current buffer.} CLOCKSUM_T @r{The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree for today.} @r{@code{org-clock-sum-today} must be run first to compute the} @r{values in the current buffer.} CLOSED @r{When was this entry closed?} DEADLINE @r{The deadline time string, without the angular brackets.} FILE @r{The filename the entry is located in.} ITEM @r{The headline of the entry.} PRIORITY @r{The priority of the entry, a string with a single letter.} SCHEDULED @r{The scheduling timestamp, without the angular brackets.} TAGS @r{The tags defined directly in the headline.} TIMESTAMP @r{The first keyword-less timestamp in the entry.} TIMESTAMP_IA @r{The first inactive timestamp in the entry.} TODO @r{The TODO keyword of the entry.} @end example @node Property searches @section Property searches @cindex properties, searching @cindex searching, of properties To create sparse trees and special lists with selection based on properties, the same commands are used as for tag searches (@pxref{Tag searches}). @table @kbd @orgcmdkkc{C-c / m,C-c \\,org-match-sparse-tree} Create a sparse tree with all matching entries. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not a TODO line. @orgcmd{C-c a m,org-tags-view} Create a global list of tag/property matches from all agenda files. @xref{Matching tags and properties}. @orgcmd{C-c a M,org-tags-view} @vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check only TODO items and force checking of subitems (see the option @code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels}). @end table The syntax for the search string is described in @ref{Matching tags and properties}. There is also a special command for creating sparse trees based on a single property: @table @kbd @orgkey{C-c / p} Create a sparse tree based on the value of a property. This first prompts for the name of a property, and then for a value. A sparse tree is created with all entries that define this property with the given value. If you enclose the value in curly braces, it is interpreted as a regular expression and matched against the property values. @end table @node Property inheritance @section Property Inheritance @cindex properties, inheritance @cindex inheritance, of properties @vindex org-use-property-inheritance The outline structure of Org mode documents lends itself to an inheritance model of properties: if the parent in a tree has a certain property, the children can inherit this property. Org mode does not turn this on by default, because it can slow down property searches significantly and is often not needed. However, if you find inheritance useful, you can turn it on by setting the variable @code{org-use-property-inheritance}. It may be set to @code{t} to make all properties inherited from the parent, to a list of properties that should be inherited, or to a regular expression that matches inherited properties. If a property has the value @code{nil}, this is interpreted as an explicit undefine of the property, so that inheritance search will stop at this value and return @code{nil}. Org mode has a few properties for which inheritance is hard-coded, at least for the special applications for which they are used: @cindex property, COLUMNS @table @code @item COLUMNS The @code{:COLUMNS:} property defines the format of column view (@pxref{Column view}). It is inherited in the sense that the level where a @code{:COLUMNS:} property is defined is used as the starting point for a column view table, independently of the location in the subtree from where columns view is turned on. @item CATEGORY @cindex property, CATEGORY For agenda view, a category set through a @code{:CATEGORY:} property applies to the entire subtree. @item ARCHIVE @cindex property, ARCHIVE For archiving, the @code{:ARCHIVE:} property may define the archive location for the entire subtree (@pxref{Moving subtrees}). @item LOGGING @cindex property, LOGGING The LOGGING property may define logging settings for an entry or a subtree (@pxref{Tracking TODO state changes}). @end table @node Column view @section Column view A great way to view and edit properties in an outline tree is @emph{column view}. In column view, each outline node is turned into a table row. Columns in this table provide access to properties of the entries. Org mode implements columns by overlaying a tabular structure over the headline of each item. While the headlines have been turned into a table row, you can still change the visibility of the outline tree. For example, you get a compact table by switching to CONTENTS view (@kbd{S-@key{TAB} S-@key{TAB}}, or simply @kbd{c} while column view is active), but you can still open, read, and edit the entry below each headline. Or, you can switch to column view after executing a sparse tree command and in this way get a table only for the selected items. Column view also works in agenda buffers (@pxref{Agenda views}) where queries have collected selected items, possibly from a number of files. @menu * Defining columns:: The COLUMNS format property * Using column view:: How to create and use column view * Capturing column view:: A dynamic block for column view @end menu @node Defining columns @subsection Defining columns @cindex column view, for properties @cindex properties, column view Setting up a column view first requires defining the columns. This is done by defining a column format line. @menu * Scope of column definitions:: Where defined, where valid? * Column attributes:: Appearance and content of a column @end menu @node Scope of column definitions @subsubsection Scope of column definitions To define a column format for an entire file, use a line like @cindex #+COLUMNS @example #+COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO @end example To specify a format that only applies to a specific tree, add a @code{:COLUMNS:} property to the top node of that tree, for example: @example ** Top node for columns view :PROPERTIES: :COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO :END: @end example If a @code{:COLUMNS:} property is present in an entry, it defines columns for the entry itself, and for the entire subtree below it. Since the column definition is part of the hierarchical structure of the document, you can define columns on level 1 that are general enough for all sublevels, and more specific columns further down, when you edit a deeper part of the tree. @node Column attributes @subsubsection Column attributes A column definition sets the attributes of a column. The general definition looks like this: @example %[@var{width}]@var{property}[(@var{title})][@{@var{summary-type}@}] @end example @noindent Except for the percent sign and the property name, all items are optional. The individual parts have the following meaning: @example @var{width} @r{An integer specifying the width of the column in characters.} @r{If omitted, the width will be determined automatically.} @var{property} @r{The property that should be edited in this column.} @r{Special properties representing meta data are allowed here} @r{as well (@pxref{Special properties})} @var{title} @r{The header text for the column. If omitted, the property} @r{name is used.} @{@var{summary-type}@} @r{The summary type. If specified, the column values for} @r{parent nodes are computed from the children@footnote{If more than one summary type apply to the property, the parent values are computed according to the first of them.}.} @r{Supported summary types are:} @{+@} @r{Sum numbers in this column.} @{+;%.1f@} @r{Like @samp{+}, but format result with @samp{%.1f}.} @{\$@} @r{Currency, short for @samp{+;%.2f}.} @{min@} @r{Smallest number in column.} @{max@} @r{Largest number.} @{mean@} @r{Arithmetic mean of numbers.} @{X@} @r{Checkbox status, @samp{[X]} if all children are @samp{[X]}.} @{X/@} @r{Checkbox status, @samp{[n/m]}.} @{X%@} @r{Checkbox status, @samp{[n%]}.} @{:@} @r{Sum times, HH:MM, plain numbers are hours@footnote{A time can also be a duration, using effort modifiers defined in @code{org-effort-durations}, e.g., @samp{3d 1h}. If any value in the column is as such, the summary will also be an effort duration.}.} @{:min@} @r{Smallest time value in column.} @{:max@} @r{Largest time value.} @{:mean@} @r{Arithmetic mean of time values.} @{@@min@} @r{Minimum age@footnote{An age is defined as a duration since a given time-stamp (@pxref{Timestamps}). It can also be expressed as days, hours, minutes and seconds, identified by @samp{d}, @samp{h}, @samp{m} and @samp{s} suffixes, all mandatory, e.g., @samp{0d 13h 0m 10s}.} (in days/hours/mins/seconds).} @{@@max@} @r{Maximum age (in days/hours/mins/seconds).} @{@@mean@} @r{Arithmetic mean of ages (in days/hours/mins/seconds).} @{est+@} @r{Add @samp{low-high} estimates.} @end example The @code{est+} summary type requires further explanation. It is used for combining estimates, expressed as @samp{low-high} ranges or plain numbers. For example, instead of estimating a particular task will take 5 days, you might estimate it as 5--6 days if you're fairly confident you know how much work is required, or 1--10 days if you don't really know what needs to be